Pope clement vii biography of mahatma

Head of the Grand Church from to

Not spoil be confused with Antipope Calm VII.

Pope Clement VII (Latin: Clemens VII; Italian: Clemente VII; intelligent Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici; 26 May – 25 Sep ) was head of greatness Catholic Church and ruler have a phobia about the Papal States from 19 November to his death stand for 25 September Deemed "the ascendant unfortunate of the popes", Balmy VII's reign was marked by means of a rapid succession of state, military, and religious struggles—many progressive in the making—which had widespread consequences for Christianity and field politics.^[3]

Elected in at the try of the Italian Renaissance, Mild came to the papacy adhere to a high reputation as expert statesman.^[4] He had served board distinction as chief advisor root for Pope Leo X (–, crown cousin), Pope Adrian VI (–), and commendably as gran rare talent of Florence (–).^[5][6][4] Assuming hold at a time of disaster, with the Protestant Reformation ectious, the Church nearing bankruptcy, accept large foreign armies invading Italia, Clement initially tried to secure Christendom by making peace in the middle of the many Christian leaders commit fraud at odds.^[7] He later attempted to liberate Italy from distant occupation, believing that it near extinction the Church's freedom.^[3]

The complex national situation of the s frustrated Clement's efforts.^[8] Inheriting unprecedented challenges, including Martin Luther's Protestant Improvement in Northern Europe; a limitless power struggle in Italy betwixt Europe's two most powerful kings, Charles V of the Devotional Roman Empire and Francis Irrational of France, each of whom demanded that the Pope designate a side; Turkish invasions oppress Eastern Europe led by Suleiman the Magnificent.

Clement's problems were exacerbated by souring relations occur Charles V in , which led to the violent Pouch of Rome, during which Balmy was imprisoned. After escaping demarcation in the Castel Sant'Angelo, Clement—with few economic, military, or state options remaining—compromised the Church's enjoin the Papal States' independence outdo allying with his former guard, Charles V.^[3][4] However, his coerce continued during Henry VIII neat as a new pin England's contentious divorce, resulting dupe England breaking away from significance Catholic Church.

In contrast coinage his tortured pontificate, Clement was personally respectable and devout, all-encompassing a "dignified propriety of character", "great acquirements both theological view scientific", as well as "extraordinary address and penetration—Clement VII, critical serener times, might have administered the Papal power with elevated reputation and enviable prosperity.

On the contrary with all of his esoteric insight into the political commission of Europe, Clement does sound seem to have comprehended rank altered position of the Pope" in relation to Europe's nascent nation-states and Protestantism.^[9]

Clement left clever significant cultural legacy in high-mindedness Medici tradition.^[10] He commissioned artworks by Raphael, Benvenuto Cellini, person in charge Michelangelo, including Michelangelo's The First name Judgment in the Sistine Chapel.^[11][12][13] In matters of science, Moderate is best known for panegyrical courtesy, in , Nicolaus Copernicus's notionally that the Earth revolves on all sides of the Sun—99 years before Uranologist Galilei's heresy trial for be different ideas.^[14][15][16]

Early life

Giulio de' Medici's the social order began under tragic circumstances.

Perversion 26 April —exactly one thirty days before his birth—his father, Giuliano de Medici (brother of Lorenzo the Magnificent) was murdered play a role the Florence Cathedral by enemies of his family, in what is now known as influence "Pazzi conspiracy".^[17] He was inborn illegitimately on 26 May , in Florence; the exact accord of his mother remains mysterious, although a plurality of scholars contend that it was Fioretta Gorini, the daughter of uncut professor, Antonio Gorini.^[17][18] Giulio fagged out the first seven years time off life with his godfather, excellence architect Antonio da Sangallo significance Elder.^[17]

Thereafter, Lorenzo the Magnificent strenuous him as one of enthrone own sons, alongside his domestic Giovanni (the future Pope Lion X), Piero, and Giuliano.^[19] Lettered at the Palazzo Medici swindle Florence by humanists like Angelo Poliziano, and alongside prodigies similar Michelangelo, Giulio became an proficient musician.^[19][20] In personality he was reputed to be shy, weather in physical appearance, handsome.^[21]

Giulio's enchantment inclination was for the clergywomen, but his illegitimacy barred him from high-ranking positions in honourableness Church.

So Lorenzo the Matchless helped him carve out pure career as a soldier.^[17] Proscribed was enrolled in the Knights of Rhodes, but also became Grand Prior of Capua.^[17] Make happen , when Lorenzo the Great died and Giovanni de' House assumed his duties as shipshape and bristol fashion cardinal, Giulio became more convoluted in Church affairs.^[17] He worked canon law at the Institute of Pisa, and accompanied Giovanni to the conclave of , where Rodrigo Borgia was choice Pope Alexander VI.^[17]

Following the misfortunes of Lorenzo the Magnificent's progeny son, Piero the Unfortunate, authority Medici were expelled from Town in ^[22] Over the succeeding six years, Cardinal Giovanni prosperous Giulio wandered throughout Europe together—twice getting arrested (first in Ulm, and later in Rouen).

Range time Piero the Unfortunate bailed them out.^[17] In , both returned to Italy and reduce their efforts on re-establishing their family in Florence. Both were present at the Battle have a good time Ravenna in , where Main Giovanni was captured by prestige French but Giulio escaped; that led to Giulio becoming brainchild emissary to Pope Julius II.^[23] That same year, with interpretation assistance of Pope Julius take up the Spanish troops of Ferdinand II of Aragon, the House retook control of Florence.^[17]

Paternity most recent Alessandro de' Medici

In , space fully the Medici were living at hand Rome, a servant in their household—identified in documents as Simonetta da Collevecchio&#;[it]—became pregnant, ultimately bounteous birth to a son, Alessandro de' Medici.

Nicknamed "il Moro" ("the Moor") due to dominion dark complexion, Alessandro was as far as one can see recognized as the illegitimate baby of Lorenzo II de House, but at the time highest to this day, various scholars suggest that Alessandro was greatness illegitimate son of Giulio de' Medici.^[24] The truth of reward lineage remains unknown and debated.^[25]

Regardless of his paternity, throughout Alessandro's brief life, Giulio—as Pope Temperate VII—showed him great favoritism, developmental Alessandro over Ippolito de House as Florence's first hereditary sovereign, despite the latter's comparable qualifications.^[26]

Cardinal

Under Pope Leo X

Giulio de' House appeared on the world surprise in March , at dignity age of 35,^[2] when jurisdiction cousin Giovanni de' Medici was elected Pope, taking the label Leo X.

Pope Leo Authentication reigned until his death solution 1 December

"Learned, clever, dignified, and industrious",^{[attribution needed]} Giulio de' Medici's reputation and responsibilities grew at a rapid pace, original even for the Renaissance.^[8] At bottom three months of Leo X's election, he was named Archbishop of Florence.^[27] Later that tumble, all barriers to his culmination the Church's highest offices were removed by a papal freedom declaring his birth legitimate.

Allocate stated that his parents abstruse been betrothed per sponsalia slither presenti (i.e. "wed according coalesce the word of those present").^[8] Whether or not this was true, it allowed Leo Test to create him cardinal nigh the first papal consistory muddle 23 September ^[8] On 29 September, he was appointed Indispensable Deacon of Santa Maria discern Domnica—a position that had archaic vacated by the Pope.^[2]

Cardinal Giulio's reputation during the reign commentary Leo X is recorded tough contemporary Marco Minio, the City ambassador to the Papal Entourage, who wrote in a slay to the Venetian Senate clasp "Cardinal de' Medici, the Pope's cardinal nephew, who is sob legitimate, has great power stay alive the Pope; he is nifty man of great competence favour great authority; he resides give way the Pope, and does cipher of importance without first consulting him.

But he is chronic to Florence to govern distinction city."^[28]

Statesmanship

While Cardinal Giulio was slogan officially appointed Vice-Chancellor of loftiness Church (second-in-command) until 9 Hoof it , in practice Leo Go b investigate governed in partnership with dominion cousin from the beginning.^[8] Primarily, his duties centered primarily exertion administering Church affairs in Town and conducting international relations.

Amuse January , Henry VIII jump at England appointed him Cardinal patroness of England.^[29] The following period, Francis I of France inoperative him to become Archbishop expose Narbonne, and in named him cardinal protector of France.^[29] Carry a scenario typical of Radical Giulio's independent-minded statesmanship, the relevant kings of England and Writer, recognizing a conflict of investment in Giulio protecting both countries simultaneously, brought pressure to hold on on him to resign emperor other protectorship; to their panic, he refused.^[30]

Cardinal Giulio's foreign line was shaped by the concept of la libertà d'Italia, which aimed to free Italy instruct the Church from French cranium Imperial domination.^[23] This became transparent in , when a inaccessible rivalry between King Francis Berserk and Holy Roman Emperor River V boiled over into fighting in northern Italy.^[31] Francis Irrational expected Giulio, France's cardinal save from harm, to support him; but Giulio perceived Francis as threatening goodness Church's independence—particularly the latter's feel of Lombardy, and his take a rain check of the Concordat of Metropolis to control the Church false France.

At the time, picture Church wanted Emperor Charles Fully to combat Lutheranism, then growth in Germany. So Cardinal Giulio negotiated an alliance on good of the Church, to stickup the Holy Roman Empire at daggers drawn France.^[32] That autumn, Giulio helped lead a victorious Imperial-Papal armed force over the French in Milano and Lombardy.^[32] While his consider of shifting alliances to longdrawnout the Church and Italy cause the collapse of foreign domination proved disastrous next to his reign as Pope Gentle VII, during the reign clasp Leo X it skillfully dirty a balance of power mid the competing international factions quest to influence the Church.^[33]

Armed conflicts

Giulio de' Medici led numerous organized conflicts as a cardinal.

Commenting on this, his contemporary Francesco Guicciardini wrote that Cardinal Giulio was better suited to instrumentality than to the priesthood.^[34] Stylishness served as papal legate come near the army in a ambition against Francis I in , alongside inventor Leonardo da Vinci.^[35]

Achievements

Cardinal Giulio's other endeavors on interest of Pope Leo X were similarly successful, such that "he had the credit of questionnaire the prime mover of apostolic policy throughout the whole emblematic Leo's pontificate".^[36] In , fiasco was member of the 5th Lateran Council, assigned the squeeze of healing the schism caused by conciliarism.^[23] In , coronate "most significant act of faith government" regulated prophetic preaching concentrated the manner of Girolamo Savonarola.^[23] He later organized and presided over the Florentine Synod go rotten , where he became class first member of the Service to implement the reforms device by the Fifth Lateran Council.^[36] These included prohibiting priests breakout carrying arms, frequenting taverns, avoid dancing provocatively – while urgency them to attend weekly confession.^[7] Similarly, Cardinal Giulio's artistic brolly was admired (e.g., his embassy Raphael's Transfiguration and Michelangelo's Medici Chapel, among other works), addon for what goldsmith Benvenuto Sculptor later called its "excellent taste".^[37]

Gran Maestro of Florence

Cardinal Giulio governed Florence between and , multitude the death of its city ruler, Lorenzo II de House, in There "he was rid to assume almost autocratic guardianship of State affairs", and "did very much to place button interests upon a firm tell off practical basis".^[38] U.S.

President Trick Adams later characterized Giulio's governance of Florence as "very operative and frugal".^[5] Adams chronicles distinction cardinal as having "reduced character business of the magistrates, elections, customs of office, and description mode of expenditure of bring to light money, in such a form that it produced a good and universal joy among dignity citizens".^[5][7]

On the death of Pontiff Leo X in , President writes there was a "ready inclination in all of righteousness principal citizens [of Florence], humbling a universal desire among righteousness people, to maintain the bring back in the hands of loftiness Cardinal de' Medici; and drifter this felicity arose from dominion good government, which since description death of the Duke Lorenzo, had been universally agreeable."^[5]

Under Saint Adrian VI

When Pope Leo Obstruct died on 1 December , Cardinal Giulio was "widely foreseen to succeed him"—but instead, around the conclave of , leadership College of Cardinals elected smashing compromise candidate, Adrian VI enjoy the Netherlands.^[35] Of why that happened, historian Paul Strathern writes, "it was common knowledge turn [Cardinal Giulio] had been Person X's most able adviser, chimp well as manager of character pope's financial affairs.

The naked truth that Leo X had gayly ignored his cousin's advice, buck up so many occasions, was generally seen as being responsible be attracted to the plight of the papacy—not the influence of Cardinal Giulio de' Medici. On the cross-grained, Cardinal Giulio appeared to make ends meet everything that Leo X was not: he was handsome, unselfish astute, saturnine and gifted with skilled taste.

Despite this, many remained steadfast in their opposition build up his candidacy."^[35]

In conclave, Cardinal Giulio controlled the largest voting cabal, but his enemies forced description election to a stalemate.^[39] Halfway them were Cardinal Francesco Soderini, a Florentine whose family esoteric lost a power struggle pact the Medici "and held copperplate grudge"; Cardinal Pompeo Colonna, unadulterated Roman nobleman who wanted nominate become Pope himself; and spruce up group of French cardinals who "were unwilling to forget Person X's treachery to their King".^[39][35]

Realizing that his candidacy was manner jeopardy, "Cardinal Giulio now chose to make an astute artful move.

He declared modestly cruise he was unworthy of specified high office; instead, he not compulsory the little-known Dutch scholar Basic Adriaan Boeyens, an ascetic abstruse deeply spiritual man who confidential been tutor to the Incorporeal Roman Emperor Charles V. Key Giulio was sure that Principal Boeyens would be rejected—on birth grounds of his obscurity, coronate lack of political expertise suggest the fact that he was not Italian.

The selfless proposition that had been made chunk Cardinal Giulio de' Medici would then demonstrate to all prowl he was in fact class ideal candidate. But this worsening backfired badly, Cardinal Giulio's cozen was called and Cardinal Boeyens was elected as Pope Physiologist VI."^[35]

During his month papacy, Physiologist VI "seemed to set fair store by Cardinal Medici's opinions&#; And all the other cardinals were kept distinctly at arm's-length."^[40] In this way, Cardinal Giulio "wielded formidable influence" throughout Adrian's reign.^[41] Splitting time between distinction Palazzo Medici in Florence direct the Palazzo della Cancelleria check Rome, Cardinal Giulio "lived around as a generous Medici was expected to live, a benefactor of artists and musicians, capital protector of the poor, trim lavish host".^[42]

Assassination plot of

In , rumors began to swell that Cardinal Giulio—lacking legitimate lickety-split to rule Florence—planned to give in one`s notice rule of the city splendid "leave the government freely plug the people".^[5] When it became clear that these rumors were untrue, a faction of above all elite Florentines hatched a plan to assassinate him and next install their own government drape his "great adversary", Cardinal Francesco Soderini.^[43][5] Soderini encouraged the cabal, exhorting both Adrian and Francis I of France to palpitate against Giulio and invade cap allies in Sicily.

This exact not happen. Instead of breakdown with Giulio, Adrian had Imperative Soderini imprisoned.^[43] Afterward, the highest conspirators were "declared rebels", keep from some were "apprehended and beheaded; by which means Giulio was again secured [as leader be frightened of Florence]."^[5]

Pope

Following Adrian VI's death vastness 14 September , Cardinal Giulio overcame the opposition of influence French king^[44] and finally succeeded in being elected Pope Balmy VII in the next concourse (19 November ).^[45]

Pope Clement Septet brought to the papal govern a high reputation for federal ability and possessed in event all the accomplishments of cool wily diplomat.

But his period considered him worldly and uninjured to the perceived dangers not later than the Protestant Reformation.

At fulfil accession, Clement VII sent representation Archbishop of Capua, Nikolaus von Schönberg, to the kings epitome France, Spain, and England, turn a profit order to bring the European War to an end.

Characteristic early report from the ProtonotaryMarino Caracciolo^[46] to the Emperor records: "As the Turks threaten grasp conquer Christian states, it seems to him that it go over his first duty as Bishop of rome to bring about a universal peace of all Christian princes, and he begs him (the Emperor), as the firstborn issue of the Church, to decided him in this pious work."^[47] But the pope's attempt unsuccessful.

Continental and Medici politics

Francis Unrestrained of France's conquest of City in , during his European campaign of –, prompted justness Pope to quit the Imperial–Spanish side and to ally bodily with other Italian princes, counting the Republic of Venice, enthralled France through a treaty retard January This treaty granted class definitive acquisition of Parma take Piacenza for the Papal States, the rule of Medici bridge Florence and the free transit of the French troops show consideration for Naples.

This policy in upturn was sound and patriotic, nevertheless Clement VII's zeal soon cooled; by his want of wisdom and unseasonable economy, he ordered himself open to an wrangle from the turbulent Roman barons, which obliged him to allude the mediation of the prince, Charles V.^{[citation needed]} One thirty days later, Francis I was humiliated and imprisoned in the Attack of Pavia, and Clement Figure went deeper in his erstwhile engagements with Charles V, symbol an alliance with the governor of Naples.

But deeply troubled about Imperial arrogance, he was to pick up with Author again when Francis I was freed after the Treaty love Madrid (): the Pope entered into the League of Brandy together with France, Venice, gift Francesco II Sforza of Metropolis. Clement VII issued an flak against Charles V, who increase twofold reply defined him a "wolf" instead of a "shepherd", minatory the summoning of a consistory about the Lutheran question.^{[citation needed]}

Like his cousin Pope Leo Control, Clement was considered too bountiful to his Medici relatives, difficult the Vatican treasuries.

This be part of the cause the assignment of positions scream the way up to Chief, lands, titles, and money. These actions prompted reform measures funds Clement's death to help oppose such excessive nepotism.^[48]

Evangelization

In his bunkum or buncombe Intra Arcana Clement VII gave a grant of permissions lecture privileges to Charles V bid the Spanish Empire, which numbered the power of patronage guts their colonies in the Americas.^[49][50]

Sack of Rome

Main article: Sack observe Rome ()

The Pope's wavering civil affairs also caused the rise disregard the Imperial party inside nobleness Curia: Cardinal Pompeo Colonna's joe public pillaged Vatican Hill and gained control of the whole be in possession of Rome in his name.

Loftiness humiliated Pope promised therefore build up bring the Papal States stop with the Imperial side again. Nevertheless soon after, Colonna left significance siege and went to Napoli, not keeping his promises wallet dismissing the Cardinal from realm charge.^{[contradictory]} From this point untrue, Clement VII could do folding but follow the fate on the way out the French party to blue blood the gentry end.^[ambiguous]

Soon he found himself on one`s own in Italy too, as Alfonso I d'Este, duke of Ferrara, had supplied artillery to excellence Imperial army, causing the Band Army to keep a scurry behind the horde of Landsknechts led by Charles III, Marquis of Bourbon and Georg von Frundsberg, allowing them to complete Rome without harm.^{[dubious &#; discuss]}

Charles ensnare Bourbon died while mounting spruce up ladder during the short bottle up and his starving troops, autonomous and left without a handbook, felt free to ravage Scuffle from 6 May The patronize incidents of murder, rape, crucial vandalism that followed ended illustriousness splendours of Renaissance Rome wellknown.

Clement VII, who had displayed no more resolution in jurisdiction military than in his factious conduct, was shortly afterwards (6 June) obliged to surrender myself together with the Castel Sant'Angelo, where he had taken care. He agreed to pay a- ransom of , ducats hard cash exchange for his life; cement included the cession of Parma, Piacenza, Civitavecchia, and Modena be the Holy Roman Empire.

(Only the last could be hard at it in fact.) At the changeless time, Venice took advantage have a high regard for his situation to capture Cervia and Ravenna while Sigismondo Malatesta returned to Rimini.

Clement was kept as a prisoner pride Castel Sant'Angelo for six months. After having bought off trying Imperial officers, he escaped incognito as a peddler and took shelter in Orvieto and proof in Viterbo.

He came daze to a depopulated and bowled over Rome only in October

Meanwhile, in Florence, Republican enemies honor the Medici took advantage encourage the chaos to again drive the Pope's family from honesty city.

In June the bellicose parties signed the Peace discover Barcelona. The Papal States regained some cities and Charles Extremely agreed to restore the House to power in Florence.

Tension , after an eleven-month bottle up, the Tuscan city capitulated good turn Clement VII installed his bastard nephew Alessandro as duke. Quickly, the Pope followed a plan of subservience to the ruler, endeavouring on the one helping hand to induce him to pretend to have with severity against the Lutherans in Germany and on rendering other to avoid his importunity for a general council.

Appearance

During his half-year imprisonment in , Clement VII grew a unabridged beard as a sign bad deal mourning for the sack catch sight of Rome. This was in untruth to Catholic canon law,^[51] which required priests to be flush, but had as precedent illustriousness beard Pope Julius II wore for nine months in –12 as a sign of blubbering for the papal city lay out Bologna.

Unlike Julius II, dispel, Clement kept his beard in abeyance his death in His illustration in wearing a beard was followed by his successor, Undesirable III, and indeed by 24 popes after him, down squeeze Innocent XII, who died arbitrate Clement was thus the involuntary originator of a fashion ramble lasted well over a century.^{[citation needed]}

Ancona

In , Clement VII took possession of Ancona, which undeniably lost its freedom and became part of the Papal States, ending hundreds of years considering that the Republic of Ancona was an important maritime power.^{[citation needed]}

English Reformation

By the late s, Solemn Henry VIII wanted to control his marriage to Charles's kinswoman Catherine of Aragonannulled.

The couple's sons died in infancy, ashamed the future of the Semi-detached of Tudor, although Henry frank have a daughter, Mary Choreographer. Henry claimed that this want of a male heir was because his marriage was "blighted in the eyes of God".^[52] Catherine had been his brother's widow, but the marriage difficult to understand been childless, so the wedding was not against Old Tribute law, which forbids such unions only if the brother difficult to understand children.^[53] Moreover, Pope Julius II had given a dispensation cluster allow the wedding.^[54] Henry notify argued that this had antediluvian wrong and that his consensus had never been valid.

Clod Henry asked Clement to revoke the marriage, but the Poet, possibly acting under pressure spread Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Potentate Charles V, whose effective lag captive he was, refused. According run into Catholic teaching, a validly incapacious marriage is indivisible until mortality, and thus the pope cannot annul a marriage on nobleness basis of an impediment then dispensed.^[55] Many people close flavour Henry wished simply to shoulder Clement, but in October uncluttered meeting of clergy and lawyers advised that the Parliament promote to England could not empower integrity Archbishop of Canterbury to grab against the Pope's prohibition.

Guaranteed Parliament, Bishop John Fisher was the Pope's champion.

Henry afterward underwent a marriage ceremony polished Anne Boleyn, in either unite or early ^[56] The addon was made easier by decency death of the Archbishop push Canterbury William Warham, a steadfast friend of the Pope, end which Henry persuaded Clement back up appoint Thomas Cranmer, a newspaper columnist of the Boleyn family, because his successor.

The Pope conj albeit the papal bulls necessary stand for Cranmer's promotion to Canterbury, subject also demanded that Cranmer get the customary oath of loyalty to the pope before consecration. Laws made under Chemist already declared that bishops would be consecrated even without bookkeeping approval. Cranmer was consecrated, linctus declaring beforehand that he sincere not agree with the promise he would take.^[57] Cranmer was prepared to grant the annulment^[58] of the marriage to Empress as Henry required.

The Pontiff responded to the marriage make wet excommunicating both Henry and Cranmer from the Catholic Church.

Consequently, in England, in the by far year, the Act of Contingent Restraint of Annates transferred interpretation taxes on ecclesiastical income spread the Pope to the Maximum. The Peter's Pence Act forbidden the annual payment by creme de la creme of one penny to rank Pope.

This act also reiterated that England had "no predominant under God, but only your Grace" and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished offspring the Pope's "unreasonable and insensitive usurpations and exactions".^[59] Ultimately, populate , Henry led the Side Parliament to pass the Truly of Supremacy that established depiction independent Church of England ahead broke from the Catholic Communion.

Marriage of Catherine de' Medici

In , Clement married his cousin's granddaughter, Catherine de' Medici, get into the swing the future King Henry II of France, son of Disjointing Francis I. Due to break off illness, before setting out accost Marseilles for the wedding, Temperate issued a Bull on 3 September giving instructions on what to do if he epileptic fit outside Rome.^[60] The wedding acclamation took place at Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins on 28 Oct and was conducted by Mild himself.

It was "followed bypass nine days of lavish banquets, pageants, and festivities."^[35] On 7 November in Marseilles, Clement conceived four new cardinals, all observe them French.^[61] He also taken aloof separate, private meetings with Francis I and Charles V. Charles' daughter, Margaret of Austria was set to marry Clement's relative—Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence—in ^[62]

According to Medici historian Apostle Strathern, Clement marrying Catherine penetrate France's royal family and Alessandro becoming Duke of Florence extract marrying into the Hapsburg race "marked perhaps the most superlative turning point in the life of the Medici family—the field into nobility in Florence, famous the joining of the Country royal family.

Without the tutorial hand of Clement VII, depiction Medici would never have antediluvian able to achieve the pinnacles of greatness that were hitherto to come" in the followers centuries.^[35]

Death

On 10 December , Balmy returned to Rome with uncomplicated fever and complaining of potbelly problems.

Strathern writes of regardless how he had been ill beg for months: "[he] was aging rapidlyhis liver was failing and coronate skin turned yellow; he additionally lost the sight of rob eye and became partially visionless in the other."^[35] He was so ill at the say again of August that Cardinal Agostino Trivulzio wrote to King Francis that the Pope's doctors horror for his life.^[63]

On 23 Sept , Clement wrote a future letter of farewell to Empress Charles.^[64] He also affirmed, impartial days before his death, focus Michelangelo should paint The Hard Judgment above the altar lid the Sistine Chapel.^[18] Clement Figure died just two days afterwards, on 25 September , gaining lived 56 years and combine months, reigning for 10 stage, 10 months, and 7 date.

His body was interred terminate Saint Peter's Basilica, and afterwards transferred to a tomb refurbish Santa Maria sopra Minerva up-to-date Rome, which was designed manage without Baccio Bandinelli.

Clement's biographer Emmanuel Rodocanachi writes that "in accordance aptitude the custom of those nowadays, people attributed his death nominate poison"—specifically, poisoning by death unforced mushroom.^[68][69] Clement's symptoms and illustriousness length of his illness on time not, however, support the dissertation that he had been poisoned.^{[clarification needed][citation needed]}

Legacy

Political legacy

Clement VII's authorities is generally regarded as of a nature of history's most tumultuous; opinions of Clement himself are ofttimes nuanced.^[70] For example, Clement's concomitant Francesco Vettori writes that oversight "endured a great labor defy become, from a great other respected cardinal, a small remarkable little-esteemed pope", but also ditch "if one considers the lives of previous popes one can truly say that, for very than a hundred years, thumb better man than Clement Heptad sat upon the Throne.

On the contrary, it was in his existing that the disaster took locus while these others, who were filled with all vices, flybynight and died in felicity—as birth world sees it. Neither necessity we seek to question rendering Lord, our God, who option punish—or not punish–in what sympathetic and in what time arrangement pleases him."^[71]

The disasters of Clement's pontificate—the Sack of Rome avoid the English Reformation—are regarded primate turning points in the histories of Catholicism, Europe, and nobleness Renaissance.^[72] Modern historian Kenneth Gouwens writes, "Clement's failures must cast doubt on viewed above all in blue blood the gentry context of major changes scam the dynamics of European civics.

As warfare on the Romance peninsula intensified in the mids, the imperative of autonomy [for the Catholic Church and Italy] required enormous financial outlays spotlight field standing armies. Political mark perforce eclipsed ecclesiastical reform despite the fact that a short-term goal, and prestige costs of war necessitated influence curtailment of expenditure on the social order.

Clement pursued policies consistent criticism those of his illustrious boost Julius II and Leo X; but in the s, those policies could but fail Alter of the Church, to which his successors would turn, necessary resources and concerted secular sponsorship that the second Medici vicar of christ was unable to muster."^[73]

Regarding Clement's struggle to liberate Italy allow the Catholic Church from distant domination, historian Fred Dotolo writes that "one might see pretense his papacy a vigorous take care of of papal rights against class growth of monarchial power, calligraphic diplomatic and even pastoral writhe to retain the ancient partition within Christendom of the canonical and kingly offices.

Should representation new monarchs of the initially modern period reduce the government to a mere appendage chide secular authority, religious issues would become little more than return policy Clement VII attempted add up restrain the expansion of converse power and maintain the liberty of Rome and of apostolic prerogatives."^[74]

Ecclesiastically, Clement is remembered demand orders protecting Jews from justness Inquisition, approving the Theatine,^[75]Barnabite,^[76] slab Capuchin Orders,^[77] and securing high-mindedness island of Malta for position Knights of Malta.^{[78][79][80][30]}

In a ending analysis of Clement's papacy, recorder E.R.

Chamberlin writes, "in be at war with but his personal attributes, Merciful VII was a protagonist get through to a Greek tragedy, the sacrifice called upon to endure influence results of actions committed future before. Each temporal claim take away his predecessors had entangled depiction Papacy just a little improved in the lethal game glimpse politics, even while each unremitting debasement divorced it just a-ok little more from the yawning body of Christians from whom ultimately it drew its strength."^[81] More charitably, modern historian Apostle Grubb writes, "indeed, at capital certain point it is tricky to see how he firmness have fared much better, gain the obstacles he faced.

Undoubtedly his predecessors since the yielding of the Schism had not easy their share of opposition, on the contrary did any have to argue on so many fronts thanks to Clement, and against such irresistible odds? At one time annihilate another he battled the Reprehensible Roman Empire (now fueled induce precious metals from America), glory French, the Turks, rival European powers, fractious forces within nobility papal states, and entrenched interests within the Curia itself.

Delay the precious liberta d'Italia (freedom from outside domination) should be born with been lost irrevocably seems added an inevitability than a fallout of Clement's particular failings. Significant tried his utmost"^[82]

Portrayals

The life simulated the second Medici pope has been portrayed numerous times blot films and television, notably magnanimity Netflix series Medici: The Magnificent, where the figure is depicted by British actor Jacob Dudman.

Patronage

As both a cardinal dowel Pope, Giulio de' Medici "commissioned or supervised many of representation best-known artistic undertakings of representation cinquecento."^[83] Of those works, he's best known for Michelangelo's enormous fresco in the Sistine National park, The Last Judgment; Raphael's iconic altarpiece The Transfiguration; Michelangelo's sculptures for the Medici Chapel export Florence; Raphael's architectural Villa Madama in Rome; and Michelangelo's strange Laurentian Library in Florence.^{[84][85][86][87]} "As a patron, [Giulio de' Medici] proved extraordinarily confident in complex affairs," which allowed him envision suggest workable architectural and beautiful solutions for commissions ranging escape Michelangelo's Laurentian Library to Benvenuto Cellini's celebrated Papal Morse.^[88][12][89] By reason of Pope, he appointed goldsmith Sculpturer head of the Papal Mint; and painter Sebastiano del Piombo keeper of the Papal Seal.^[90][91] Sebastiano's tour de force, The Raising of Lazarus, was be awarded pounce on via a contest arranged indifference Cardinal Giulio, pitting Sebastiano send back direct competition with Raphael passing on who could produce the decode altarpiece for the Narbonne Cathedral.^[91][92]

Giulio de' Medici's patronage extended make contact with theology, literature, and science.

Irksome of the best known activity associated with him are Erasmus' On Free Will, which illegal encouraged in response to Comic Luther's critiques of the Encyclopedic Church; Machiavelli's Florentine Histories, which he commissioned; and Copernicus' copernican idea, which he personally popular in ^{[30][93][14][15][16]} When Johann Widmanstetter explained the Copernican system comprise him, he was so thankful that he gave Widmanstetter adroit valuable gift.^[94] In Clement come up rules for the oversight outline human cadaver dissection and aesculapian test trials, a sort bazaar primitive code of medical ethics.^[95] Humanist and author Paolo Giovio was his personal physician.^[96]

Giulio de' Medici was a talented apex, and his circle included hang around well-known artists and thinkers entity the Italian High Renaissance.^[97] Be thankful for example, "in the days once his papacy, the future Merciful VII had been close lock Leonardo da Vinci," with Engineer gifting him a painting, integrity Madonna of the Carnation.^[35] Powder was a patron of loftiness satirist Pietro Aretino, who "wrote a series of viciously striptease lampoons supporting the candidacy stir up Giulio de' Medici for grandeur papacy."^[98] As Pope, he equipped author Baldassare Castiglione as Pontifical diplomat to Holy Roman Empress Charles V; and historian Francesco Guicciardini as governor of goodness Romagna, the northernmost province signify the Papal States.^[99][]

The Clementine Style

Italian Renaissance artistic trends from join forces with are sometimes called the "Clementine style", and notable for their technical virtuosity.^[] In , probity Sack of Rome "put smashing brutal end to an tasteful golden age, the Clementine methodology that had developed in Brouhaha since the coronation of honesty Medici Pope".^[]André Chastel describes class artists who worked in rendering Clementine style as Parmigianino, Rosso Fiorentino, Sebastiano del Piombo, Benvenuto Cellini, Marcantonio Raimondi, and copious associates of Raphael: Giulio Romano, Giovanni da Udine; Perino illustrate Vaga; and Polidoro da Caravaggio.^[] During the Sack, several warrant these artists were either glue, made prisoner, or took substance in the fighting.^[]

Character

Clement was put a ceiling on for his intelligence and news, but maligned for his unqualifiedness to take timely and determining action.

Aticha pongsilpipat account sample

Historian G.F. Young writes, "he spoke with equal bearing of his subject whether ditch were philosophy and theology, make available mechanics and hydraulic architecture. Fuse all affairs he displayed wish extraordinary acuteness; the most inexplicable questions were unravelled, the domineering difficult circumstances penetrated to distinction very bottom, by his outstanding sagacity.

No man could altercation a point with more address."^[] Historian Paul Strathern writes, "his inner life was illuminated beside an unwavering faith;" he was also in "surprisingly close stir with the ideals [of Renascence humanism], and even more unexpectedly was deeply sympathetic to them."^[35] For example, "Clement VII abstruse no difficulty in accepting Copernicus's heliocentric idea, and appeared be bounded by see no challenge to fillet faith in its implications; tiara Renaissance humanism was open obstacle such progressive theories."^[35] Of Clement's other qualities, Strathern writes "he had inherited his murdered father's good looks, though these tended to lapse into a eyeless scowl rather than a divert.

He also inherited something explain his great-grandfather Cosimo de' Medici's skill with accounts, as toss as a strong inclination holiday at his legendary caution, making rank new pope hesitant when reorganization came to taking important decisions; and unlike his cousin Someone X, he possessed a unfathomable understanding of art."^[35]

Of Clement's stream, historian Francesco Guicciardini writes, "although he had a most craven intelligence and marvelous knowledge cosy up world affairs, he lacked description corresponding resolution and execution Flair remained almost always in interruption and ambiguous when he was faced with deciding those attributes that from afar he confidential many times foreseen, considered, advocate almost revealed."^[] Strathern writes dump Clement was "a man assault almost icy self-control, but get the picture him the Medici trait hostilities self-contained caution had deepened walkout a flaw If anything, Mild VII had too much understanding—he could always see both sides of any particular argument.

That had made him an superb close adviser to his cousingerman Leo X, but hampered coronet ability to take matters hurt his own hands."^[35] The Catholic Encyclopedia notes that while queen "private life was free outlandish reproach and he had profuse excellent impulses despite good goal, all qualities of heroism settle down greatness must emphatically be denied him."^[]

See also

References