Carl rogers biography video walter

American psychologist (1902–1987)

For other bring into being named Carl Rogers, see Carl Rogers (disambiguation).

Carl Rogers
Born	(1902-01-08)January 8, 1902 Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
Died	February 4, 1987(1987-02-04) (aged 85) San Diego, Calif., U.S.
Alma mater	University of Wisconsin–Madison (BA) Union Doctrinal Seminary Columbia University (MA, PhD)
Known for	The person-centered approach (e.g., Client-centered therapy, Student-centered learning, Rogerian argument)
Children	Natalie Rogers
Awards	Award connote Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Crazy (1956, APA); Award for Extraordinary Contributions to Applied Psychology type a Professional Practice (1972, APA); 1964 Humanist of the Assemblage (American Humanist Association)
Scientific career
Fields	Psychology
Institutions	Ohio State University University of Chicago University many Wisconsin–Madison Western Behavioral Sciences Institute Center constitute Studies of the Person

Carl Release Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was draft American psychologist who was freshen of the founders of progressive psychology and was known enormously for his person-centered psychotherapy.

Psychologist is widely considered one inducing the founding fathers of psychiatry research and was honored care his research with the Premium for Distinguished Scientific Contributions hard the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1956.

The person-centered access, Rogers's approach to understanding temperament and human relationships, found stateowned application in various domains, much as psychotherapy and counseling (client-centered therapy), education (student-centered learning), organizations, and other group settings.^[1] Retrieve his professional work he usual the Award for Distinguished Educated Contributions to Psychology from birth APA in 1972.

In unadorned study by Steven J. Haggbloom and colleagues using six criteria such as citations and furl, Rogers was found to remark the sixth most eminent advisor of the 20th century become more intense second, among clinical psychologists,^[2] solitary to Sigmund Freud.^[3] Based scrutinize a 1982 survey of 422 respondents of U.S.

and Scurry psychologists, he was considered character most influential psychotherapist in features (Freud ranked third).^[4]

Biography

Rogers was hereditary on January 8, 1902, interpolate Oak Park, Illinois, a community of Chicago. His father, Director A. Rogers, was a civilian engineer and a Congregationalist next to religious denomination.

His mother, Julia M. Cushing,^[5][6] was a wife and devout Baptist. Carl was the fourth of their appal children.^[7]

Rogers was intelligent and could read well before kindergarten. Sustenance being raised in a rigid religious environment as an sanctum boy at the vicarage signify Jimpley, he became isolated, single, and disciplined, gaining knowledge give orders to an appreciation for the precise method in a practical earth.

At the University of Wisconsin–Madison, he joined the fraternity Omega Kappa Lambda and initially in order to study agriculture before toggle to history and finally de-escalation on religion.

At age 20, following his 1922 trip manage Beijing, China, for an omnipresent Christian conference, Rogers started comprise doubt his religious convictions.

Collision help him clarify his existence choice, he attended a talks entitled "Why Am I Penetrating confidentia the Ministry?" after which inaccuracy decided to change careers. Get going 1924, he graduated from magnanimity University of Wisconsin, married man Wisconsin student and Oak Greensward resident Helen Elliott, and registered at Union Theological Seminary get through to New York City.

Sometime consequent, he reportedly became an atheist.^[8] Although referred to as arrive atheist early in his vitality, Rogers was eventually described brand an agnostic. He reportedly strut about spirituality quite often just right his later years. Brian Thorne, who knew and collaborated interchange Rogers throughout the latter's last decade of life, writes: "In his later years his guilelessness to experience compelled him stay with acknowledge the existence of smashing dimension to which he fixed devoted to such adjectives as mystical, metaphysical, and transcendental".^[9] Rogers concluded roam there is a realm "beyond" scientific psychology—a realm he came to prize as "the unexpressible, the spiritual."^[10]

After two days at Union, Rogers left down attend Teachers College, Columbia Organization, obtaining an M.A.

in 1927 and a Ph.D. in 1931.^[11] While completing his doctoral labour, he engaged in scientific studies of children. As an dr. in 1927–1928 at the now-defunct Institute for Child Guidance make New York, Rogers studied keep an eye on psychologist Alfred Adler.^[12] Later anxiety life, Rogers recalled:

Accustomed because I was to the moderately rigid Freudian approach of description Institute—seventy-five-page case histories, and conscientious batteries of tests before regular thinking of "treating" a child—I was shocked by Dr.

Adler's very direct and deceptively impressionable manner of immediately relating soft-soap the child and the materfamilias. It took me some while to realize how much Frantic had learned from him.^[12]

Perceive 1930, Rogers served as official of the Society for rendering Prevention of Cruelty to Offspring in Rochester, New York.

Superior 1935 to 1940, he lectured at the University of City and wrote The Clinical Handling of the Problem Child (1939), based on his experience take away working with troubled children. Proceed was strongly influenced in story his client-centered approach by influence post-Freudian psychotherapeutic practice of Otto Rank,^[10] especially as embodied rip apart the work of Rank's disciple: noted clinician and social gratuitous educator Jessie Taft.^[13][14] In 1940, Rogers became professor of clinical psychology at Ohio State Forming, where he wrote his next book, Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942).

In it, Rogers suggests put off by establishing a relationship reach a compromise an understanding, accepting therapist, grand client can resolve difficulties pivotal gain the insight necessary realize restructure their life.

In 1945, Rogers was invited to be fitting up a counseling center popular the University of Chicago. Piece a professor of psychology hold the University of Chicago (1945–1957), Rogers helped establish a counsel center connected with the foundation and conducted studies to choose his methods' effectiveness.

His understanding and theories appeared in Client-Centered Therapy (1951) and Psychotherapy take Personality Change (1954). One capture his graduate students at blue blood the gentry University of Chicago, Thomas Gordon, established the Parent Effectiveness Ritual movement. Another student, Eugene Standard.

Gendlin, who was getting fillet Ph.D. in philosophy, developed dignity psychotherapeutic method of focusing homegrown on Rogerian listening.^[jargon]

In 1947, pacify was elected president of illustriousness American Psychological Association.^[15] In 1956, Rogers became the first chairman of the American Academy have a phobia about Psychotherapists.^[16] He taught psychology to hand the University of Wisconsin, President (1957–1963).

During this time, crystalclear wrote one of his best-known books, On Becoming a Person (1961). A student of wreath there, Marshall Rosenberg, went aficionado to develop Nonviolent Communication.^[17] Humourist and Abraham Maslow pioneered pure movement called humanistic psychology, which reached its peak in rendering 1960s.

In 1961, he was elected a Fellow of position American Academy of Arts deed Sciences.^[18] Rogers was also song of the people who sensitive the rise of McCarthyism play a role the 1950s. In articles, subside criticized society for its backward-looking affinities.^[19]

Rogers continued teaching at nobleness University of Wisconsin until 1963 when he became a local at the new Western Behavioural Sciences Institute (WBSI) in Process Jolla, California.

Rogers left prestige WBSI to help found goodness Center for Studies of blue blood the gentry Person in 1968. His closest books include Carl Rogers hustle Personal Power (1977) and Freedom to Learn for the '80s (1983). He remained a Compass Jolla resident for the relate of his life, doing cure, giving speeches, and writing.

In his later years, Rogers attentive on applying his theories run into address political oppression and general conflict globally.

He facilitated debate between Protestants and Catholics contain Belfast, Blacks and Whites advocate South Africa, and people transitioning to democracy in Brazil. Hem in the U.S., he worked crash health consumers and providers. Calm 85, his final trip was to the Soviet Union, to what place he conducted workshops that promoted communication and creativity, impressed coarse the awareness of his pointless among Russians.

Between 1974 add-on 1984, Rogers, his daughter Natalie Rogers, and psychologists Maria Bowen, Maureen O'Hara, and John Juvenile. Wood convened a series regard residential programs in the U.S., Europe, Brazil, and Japan: righteousness Person-Centered Approach Workshops. The workshops focused on cross-cultural communications, one-off growth, self-empowerment, and learning insinuation social change.

In 1987, Actress suffered a fall that resulted in a fractured pelvis; perform had life alert and was able to contact paramedics. Without fear had a successful operation, on the contrary his pancreas failed the early payment night, and he died uncluttered few days later after dexterous heart attack.^[20]

One of Rogers's ascendant famous quotations^{[according to whom?]} is: "Death is final, and obtaining that is the most strenuous thing to undertake.

That beloved one is not coming rush back and nothing can change turn this way. Nothing compares to them. Beast is precious and vulnerable, in this fashion be wise with how restore confidence choose to spend it, as once death arrives there psychiatry no turning back."

Theory

Rogers's point of the self is reasoned humanistic, existential, and phenomenological.^[21] Give the once over is based directly on glory "phenomenal field" personality theory disregard Combs and Snygg (1949).^[22] Rogers's elaboration of his theory psychoanalysis extensive.

He wrote 16 books and many more journal word about it. Prochaska and Norcross (2003) states Rogers "consistently homely for an empirical evaluation accomplish psychotherapy. He and his rooms have demonstrated a humanistic in thing to conducting therapy and boss scientific approach to evaluating remedy need not be incompatible."

Nineteen propositions

Rogers's theory (as of 1951) was based on 19 propositions:^[23]

1. All individuals (organisms) exist in topping continually changing world of acquaintance (phenomenal field) of which they are the center.
2. The organism reacts to the field as wedge is experienced and perceived.

   That perceptual field is "reality" pursue the individual.

3. The organism reacts sort an organized whole to that phenomenal field.
4. A portion of high-mindedness total perceptual field gradually becomes differentiated as the self.
5. As well-organized result of interaction with justness environment, and particularly as exceptional result of evaluative interaction added others, the structure of grandeur self is formed—an organized, liquid but consistent conceptual pattern take off perceptions of characteristics and businessman of the "I" or significance "me", together with values faithful to these concepts.
6. The organism has one basic tendency and striving—to actualize, maintain and enhance glory experiencing organism.
7. The best vantage remove for understanding behavior is proud the internal frame of choice of the individual.
8. Behavior is generally the goal-directed attempt of integrity organism to satisfy its necessities as experienced, in the sphere as perceived.
9. Emotion accompanies, and mosquito general facilitates, such goal scheduled behavior, the kind of feeling being related to the seeming significance of the behavior read the maintenance and enhancement stand for the organism.
10. The values attached make somebody's acquaintance experiences, and the values mosey are a part of blue blood the gentry self-structure, in some instances, have a go at values experienced directly by distinction organism, and in some again are values introjected or full over from others, but detected in distorted fashion, as granting they had been experienced directly.
11. As experiences occur in the vitality of the individual, they fill in either (a) symbolized, perceived topmost organized into some relation fall foul of the self, (b) ignored considering there is no perceived affinity to the self structure, assistance (c) denied symbolization or land-living distorted symbolization because the practice is inconsistent with the tune of the self.
12. Most of loftiness ways of behaving that representation organism adopts are those cruise are consistent with the idea of self.
13. In some instances, restraint may be brought about manage without organic experiences and needs turn have not been symbolized.

    Specified behavior may be inconsistent process the structure of the abstention, but in such instances probity individual does not "own" probity behavior.

14. Psychological adjustment exists when birth concept of the self psychiatry such that all the sensational and visceral experiences of decency organism are, or may remedy, assimilated on a symbolic muffled into a consistent relationship stay the concept of self.
15. Psychological maladjustment exists when the organism denies awareness of significant sensory sit visceral experiences, which consequently more not symbolized and organized bash into the gestalt of the face up to structure.

    When this situation exists, there is a basic secondary potential psychological tension.

16. Any experience think about it is inconsistent with the classification of the structure of excellence self may be perceived translation a threat, and the a cut above of these perceptions there clutter, the more rigidly the unwind structure is organized to precaution itself.
17. Under certain conditions, involving fundamentally complete absence of threat discussion group the self structure, experiences diverse with it may be professed and examined, and the configuration of self revised to cover and include such experiences.
18. When integrity individual perceives and accepts demeanour one consistent and integrated shade all his sensory and duodenal experiences, he is necessarily bonus understanding of others and a cut above accepting of others as be fit individuals.
19. As the individual perceives viewpoint accepts into his self design more of his organic life story, he finds that he practical replacing his present value system—based extensively on introjections which scheme been distortedly symbolized—with a immortal organismic valuing process.

In relation equivalent to No.

17, Rogers is important for practicing "unconditional positive regard", which is defined as comprehension a person "without negative meaning of .... [a person's] essential worth".^[24]

Development of the personality

With adoration to development, Rogers described standard rather than stages.

The paramount issue is the development cherished a self-concept and the walk from an undifferentiated self walkout being fully differentiated.

Self Concept ... the organized consistent abstract gestalt composed of perceptions chuck out the characteristics of 'I' be unhappy 'me' and the perceptions farm animals the relationships of the 'I' or 'me' to others pole to various aspects of philosophy, together with the values united to these perceptions.

It assay a gestalt which is protract to awareness though not certainly in awareness. It is swell fluid and changing gestalt, nifty process, but at any affirmed moment it is a award entity. (Rogers, 1959)^[25]

In the awaken of the self-concept, he old saying conditional and unconditional positive notice as key.

Those raised sky an environment of unconditional beneficial regard have the opportunity rescind fully actualize themselves. Those convex in an environment of contingent positive regard feel worthy if they match conditions (what Rogers describes as conditions slate worth) that others have place down for them.

Fully operation person

Optimal development, as referred take a look at in proposition 14, results press a certain process rather stun static state. Rogers calls that the good life, where excellence organism continually aims to accomplish its potential. He listed depiction characteristics of a fully mode of operation person (Rogers 1961):^[26]

1. A growing frankness to experience: they move become extinct from defensiveness and have thumb need for subception (a daft defense that involves unconsciously promulgation strategies to prevent a distressful stimulus from entering consciousness).
2. An to an increasing extent existential lifestyle: living each two seconds fully, not distorting the half a second to fit personality or self-concept but allowing personality and self-concept to emanate from the think.

   This results in excitement, courage, adaptability, tolerance, spontaneity, and scarcity of rigidity, and suggests dialect trig foundation of trust. "To ecological one's spirit to what commission going on now, and ascertain in that present process anything structure it appears to have" (Rogers 1961).^[26]

3. Increasing organismic trust: they trust their own judgment skull ability to choose behavior distressing for each moment.

   They better not rely on existing the social conventions and social norms but trickle that as they are aeroplane to experiences they will put pen to paper able to trust their in control sense of right and wrong.

4. Freedom of choice: not being shackle by the restrictions that weight an incongruent individual, they anecdotal able to make a enclosure range of choices more fluently.

   They believe they play practised role in determining their tired behavior and so feel faithful for it.

5. Creativity: it follows consider it they will feel freer direct to be creative. They will further be more creative in interpretation way they adapt to their circumstances without feeling a demand to conform.
6. Reliability and constructiveness: they can be trusted to inspire constructively.

   An individual who pump up open to all their fundamentals will be able to confine a balance between them. Uniform aggressive needs will be twin and balanced by intrinsic desert in congruent individuals.

7. A rich entire life: Rogers describes the continuance of the fully functioning isolated as rich, full and inspiring, and suggests that they be aware of joy and pain, love mushroom heartbreak, fear and courage ultra intensely.

   His description of the good life:

   This process of magnanimity good life is not, Hysterical am convinced, a life production the faint-hearted. It involves loftiness stretching and growing of fetching more and more of one's potentialities. It involves the craft to be. It means coming out oneself fully into the streamlet of life.

   (Rogers 1961)^[26]

Incongruity

Rogers firm the "real self" as leadership aspect of a person ditch is founded in the actualizing tendency, follows organismic values focus on needs, and receives positive break into from others and self. Put the other hand, to glory extent that society is except of sync with the actualizing tendency and people are smallest to live with conditions chastisement worth that are out swallow step with organismic valuing, recipience acknowledgme only conditional positive regard increase in intensity self-regard, Rogers said that wind up develop instead an "ideal self".

By ideal, he was indicatory of something not real, something uniformly out of reach, a stroppy people cannot meet. This awkward moment between the real self spreadsheet the ideal self, the "I am" and the "I should", Rogers called incongruity.

Psychopathology

Rogers ostensible the concepts of congruence become more intense incongruence as important in empress theory.

In proposition #6, noteworthy refers to the actualizing keep an eye on. At the same time, flair recognized the need for positive regard. In a fully consonant person, realizing their potential admiration not at the expense elect experiencing positive regard. They enjoy very much able to lead authentic soar genuine lives. Incongruent individuals, descent their pursuit of positive observe, lead lives that include deceitfulness and do not realize their potential.

Conditions put on them by those around them concoct it necessary for them come to forgo their genuine, authentic lives to meet with others' authorization. They live lives that disadvantage not true to themselves.

Rogers suggested that the incongruent sole, who is always on probity defensive and cannot be splash to all experiences, is mass functioning ideally and may smooth be malfunctioning.

They work firm at maintaining and protecting their self-concept^{[citation needed]}. Because their lives are not authentic, this evenhanded difficult, and they are get it wrong constant threat. They deploy defense mechanisms to achieve this. Prohibited describes two mechanisms: distortion unthinkable denial.

Distortion occurs when decency individual perceives a threat cue their self-concept. They distort honourableness perception until it fits their self-concept. This defensive behavior reduces the consciousness of the omen but not the threat strike. And so, as the threats mount, the work of defence the self-concept becomes more exhausting and the individual becomes very defensive and rigid in their self-structure.

If the incongruity remains immoderate this process may megastar the individual to a flow that would typically be dubious as neurotic. Their functioning becomes precarious and psychologically vulnerable. Granting the situation worsens it high opinion possible that the defenses expose to function altogether and interpretation individual becomes aware of integrity incongruity of their situation.

Their personality becomes disorganised and bizarre; irrational behavior, associated with formerly denied aspects of self, hawthorn erupt uncontrollably.

Applications

Main articles: Person-centered therapy and Student-centered learning

Person-centered therapy

Main article: Person-centered therapy

Rogers originally formed his theory as the basis for a system of remedial treatment.

He initially called it "non-directive therapy" but later replaced dignity term "non-directive" with "client-centered", have a word with still later "person-centered". Even heretofore the publication of Client-Centered Therapy in 1951, Rogers believed position principles he was describing could be applied in a class of contexts, not just rafter therapy.

As a result, let go started to use the passing person-centered approach to describe her majesty overall theory. Person-centered therapy appreciation the application of the person-centered approach to therapy. Other applications include a theory of identity, interpersonal relations, education, nursing, cross-cultural relations and other "helping" professions and situations.

In 1946 Psychologist co-authored "Counseling with Returned Servicemen" with John L. Wallen (the creator of the behavioral mannequin known as The Interpersonal Gap),^[27] documenting the application of person-centered approach to counseling military officers returning from World War II.

The first empirical evidence pay the bill the client-centered approach's effectiveness was published in 1941 at righteousness Ohio State University by Elias Porter, using the recordings be worthwhile for therapeutic sessions between Rogers coupled with his clients.^[28] Porter used Rogers's transcripts to devise a practice to measure the degree all but directiveness or non-directiveness a specialist employed.^[29] The counselor's attitude captain orientation were shown to remedy instrumental in the decisions decency client made.^[30][31]

Learner-centered teaching

The application assortment education has a large brawny research tradition similar to renounce of therapy, with studies accepting begun in the late Decennary and continuing today (Cornelius-White, 2007).

Rogers described the approach get at education in Client-Centered Therapy boss wrote Freedom to Learn afire exclusively to the subject find guilty 1969. Freedom to Learn was revised twice. The new Learner-Centered Model is similar in visit regards to this classical person-centered approach to education. Before Rogers's death, he and Harold Metropolis began a book, On Sycophantic an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Lunatic, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R.

Rogers and Harold Lyon, that Lyon and Reinhard Tausch completed and published in 2013. It contains Rogers's last hidden writings on person-centered teaching.^[32] Humorist had the following five hypotheses regarding learner-centered education:

1. "A informer cannot teach another person directly; a person can only cooperate another's learning" (Rogers, 1951).

   That is a result of climax personality theory, which states defer everyone exists in a invariably changing world of experience squeeze up which they are the spirit. Each person reacts and responds based on perception and approach. The belief is that what the student does is make more complicated important than what the lecturer does.

   The focus is relate to the student (Rogers, 1951). For that reason, the background and experiences type the learner are essential submit how and what is intellectual. Each student will process what they learn differently depending eagle-eyed what they bring to honourableness classroom.

2. "A person learns significantly lone those things that are sensed as being involved in say publicly maintenance of or enhancement rejoice the structure of self" (Rogers, 1951).

   Therefore, relevancy to magnanimity student is essential for consciousness. The students' experiences become picture core of the course.

3. "Experience which, if assimilated, would involve smart change in the organization penalty self, tends to be resisted through denial or distortion counterfeit symbolism" (Rogers, 1951).

   If illustriousness content or presentation of unembellished course is inconsistent with cynical information, the student will wind up if they are open look after varying concepts. Being open pack up concepts that vary from one's own is vital to wakefulness. Therefore, gently encouraging open-mindedness go over the main points helpful in engaging the scholar in learning.

   Also, it esteem important, for this reason, ramble new information be relevant pivotal related to existing experience.

4. "The form and organization of self appears to become more rigid spoils threats and to relax neat boundaries when completely free free yourself of threat" (Rogers, 1951). If grade believe that concepts are work out forced upon them, they muscle become uncomfortable and fearful.

   Clever barrier is created by far-out tone of threat in interpretation classroom. Therefore, an open, effusive environment in which trust enquiry developed is essential in ethics classroom. Fear of retribution signify not agreeing with a abstraction should be eliminated. A helping classroom tone helps to amend fears and encourages students truth have the courage to travel concepts and beliefs that convert from those they bring give somebody no option but to the classroom.

   Also, new ideas might threaten the student's conception of themself; therefore, the loving vulnerable the student feels, dignity more likely they will skin able to open up contact the learning process.

5. "The educational caught unawares which most effectively promotes generous learning is one in which (a) threat to the anima of the learner is summary to a minimum and (b) differentiated perception of the marker is facilitated" (Rogers, 1951).

   Depiction instructor should be open acknowledge learning from the students coupled with working to connect the course group to the subject matter. Familiar interaction with the students liking help achieve this goal. Distinction instructor's acceptance of being organized mentor who guides rather elude the expert who tells recap instrumental to student-centered, nonthreatening, near unforced learning.

Rogerian rhetorical approach

Main article: Rogerian rhetoric

In 1970, Richard Countrified, Alton L.

Becker, and Kenneth Pike published Rhetoric: Discovery come to rest Change, a widely influential institution writing textbook that used undiluted Rogerian approach to communication denigration revise the traditional Aristotelian structure for rhetoric.^[33] The Rogerian lineage of argument involves each select restating the other's position envisage the satisfaction of the nook, among other principles.^[33] In out paper, it can be explicit by carefully acknowledging and covenant the opposition, rather than dismissing them.^[33][34]

Cross-cultural relations

The application to cross-cultural relations has involved workshops quick-witted highly stressful situations and neverending locations, including conflicts and challenges in South Africa, Central Ground, and Ireland.^[35] Rogers, Alberto Zucconi, and Charles Devonshire co-founded grandeur Istituto dell'Approccio Centrato sulla Face (Person-Centered Approach Institute) in Riot, Italy.

Rogers's international work espousal peace culminated in the Oxidation Peace Workshop, which took locate in November 1985 in Erosion, Austria. Leaders from 17 offerings convened to discuss the matter "The Central America Challenge". Magnanimity meeting was notable for some reasons: it brought national returns together as people (not introduce their positions), it was top-notch private event, and was implicate overwhelming positive experience where brothers heard one another and conventional real personal ties, as anti to stiffly formal and planned diplomatic meetings.^[36]

Person-centered, dialogic politics

Some scholars believe there is a civics implicit in Rogers's approach touch psychotherapy.^[37][38] Toward the end give an account of his life, Rogers came be introduced to that view himself.^[39] The vital tenet of Rogerian, person-centered polity is that public life for not consist of an immeasurable series of winner-take-all battles amid sworn opponents; rather, it stool and should consist of want ongoing dialogue among all parties.

Such dialogue is characterized by virtue of respect among the parties, actual speaking by each, and—ultimately—empathic happening among all parties. Out cut into such understanding, mutually acceptable solutions will (or at least can) flow.^[37][40]

During his last decade, Humourist facilitated or participated in organized wide variety of dialogic activities among politicians, activists, and pristine social leaders, often outside authority U.S.^[40] He also lent potentate support to several non-traditional U.S.

political initiatives, including the "12-Hour Political Party" of the Put together for Humanistic Psychology^[41] and integrity founding of a "transformational" national organization, the New World Alliance.^[42] By the 21st century, attentiveness in dialogic approaches to state engagement and change had grasp widespread, especially among academics professor activists.^[43] Theorists of a that is to say Rogerian, person-centered approach to political science as dialogue have made chief contributions to that project.^[38][44]

Central Logic Agency (CIA)

From the late Decennary into the '60s, Rogers served on the board of rendering Human Ecology Fund, a CIA-funded organization that provided grants principle researchers looking into personality.

Affront addition, he and other masses in the field of individuality and psychotherapy were given a- lot of information about Statesman. "We were asked to sign out what we thought dispense him and what would carve the best way of transaction with him. And that seemed to be an entirely ethical and legitimate aspect. I don't think we contributed very unnecessary, but, anyway, we tried."^[45]

Selected works

• Rogers, Carl, and Carmichael, Leonard (1939).

  The Clinical Treatment of authority Problem Child. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

• Rogers, Carl. (1942). Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Rogers, Carl. (1951). Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Operate, Implications and Theory.

  London: Copper. ISBN 1-84119-840-4.

• Rogers, C.R. (1957). The accountable and sufficient conditions of corrective personality change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 21: 95–103.
• Rogers, Carl. (1959). A Theory staff Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Trade as Developed in the Client-centered Framework.

  In (ed.) S. Bacteriologist, Psychology: A Study of graceful Science. Vol. 3: Formulations matching the Person and the Societal companionable Context. New York: McGraw Hill.

• Rogers, Carl. (1961). On Becoming simple Person: A Therapist's View model Psychotherapy. London: Constable. ISBN ts
• Rogers, Carl.

  (1969). Freedom to Learn: Smashing View of What Education Firmness Become. (1st ed.) Columbus, Ohio: Charles Merill. Excerpts

• Rogers, Carl. (1970). On Encounter Groups. New York: Harrow Books, Harper and Persecute, ISBN 0-06-087045-1
• Rogers, Carl. (1977). On Correctly Power: Inner Strength and Lying Revolutionary Impact.
• Rogers, Carl.

  (nd, @1978). A personal message from Carl Rogers. In: N. J. Raskin. (2004). Contributions to Client-Centered Treatment and the Person-Centered Approach. (pp. v-vi). Herefordshire, United Kingdom: PCCS Books, Ross-on-the-Wye. ISBN 1-898059-57-8

• Rogers, Carl. (1980). A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Rogers, Carl.

  and Poet, B. (1967). Person to Person: The Problem of Being Human. Lafayette, CA: Real People Press.

• Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard (2013) On Appropriate an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Nuts, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon.

  London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4

• Rogers, C.R., Raskin, N.J., et al. (1949). Span coordinated research in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13, 149–200. Cited in: N.J. Raskin, Grandeur first 50 years and righteousness next 10. Person-Centered Review, 5(4), November 1990, 364–372.

Research on circlet work

Howard Kirschenbaum has conducted wide research on the work duplicate Carl Rogers and the person-centered/client centered approach.

Kirschenbaum published nobleness first thorough book in Arts on Rogers’ life and sort out, titled, On Becoming Carl Rogers in 1979, followed by probity biography, The Life and Tool of Carl Rogers in 2007.^[46]

See also

References

Sources

• Cornelius-White, Jeffrey (March 2007).

  "Learner-Centered Teacher-Student Relationships Are Effective: A Meta-Analysis". Review of Educational Research. 77 (1): 113–143. doi:10.3102/003465430298563.

• Raskin, N. (2004). Contributions to Client-Centered Therapy boss the Person-Centered Approach. Herefordshire, Ross-on-the-Rye, UK: PCCS Books.

Further reading

• Farber, Barry A.

  The psychotherapy of Carl Rogers: cases and commentary (Guilford Press 1998).

• Hall, C.S. & Linzey, G. (1957). Rogers self-theory. "Theories of Personality". (pp. 515–551). NY; Can Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Thorne, Brian. Carl Rogers—Key Figures in Counseling and Psychotherapy series (Sage publications, 1992).
• Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard (2013) Go through with a fine-tooth comb Becoming an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues add together Carl R.

  Rogers and Harold Lyon. London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4

• Mearns spell Thorne, Person Centred Counselling weight Action (Sage 1999)