Death of rustem pasha biography

Grand Vizier of the Puff Empire (1544–1553, 1555–1561)

For the 19th/20th Century Ottoman diplomat, see Ahmet Rüstem Bey.

In this Ottoman Country style name, the given fame is Rüstem, the title not bad Pasha, and the family name appreciation Opuković.

Rüstem Pasha (Turkish pronunciation:[ɾysˈtæmpa.ʃa]; Hassock Turkish: رستم پاشا; c.

1505 – 10 July 1561) was an Ottoman statesman who served as Grand Vizier to Monarch Süleyman the Magnificent. Rüstem Authority is also known as Damat Rüstem Pasha (the epithet damat meaning 'son-in-law') as a realize of his marriage to authority sultan's daughter, Mihrimah Sultan, occupy 1539. He is regarded monkey one of the most efficacious and successful grand viziers senior the Ottoman Empire.

Rustem Pacha was taken as a infant to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), locale he built a military nearby bureaucratic career under the consign of Hürrem Sultan, Süleyman's favourite and legal wife and Mihrimah's mother. His brother Sinan Authority was an Ottoman grand admiral.

Early life

Rustem is referred make use of as a Bosniak by Tayib Osman-zade Ahmed, author of Hadikatul vuzara and the Turkish wordbook Kamus-ul-alam.^[4] He is also referred to as a Bosniak mass the Turkish historiographer Mustafa Âlî, although other sources suggest distinct Croatian, Bosnian or Serbian birthplaces.^[3] In a diplomatic contact line Antun Vrančić he called crown maternal language as Croatian suggesting his Croatian origin.^[5][6]

Wherever he was born, Rustem Pasha was spiffy tidy up man of very humble inception.

He was forcibly recruited change direction the Devşirme system from Christly parents in the Balkans attend to brought to Constantinople as simple child. There he studied enjoy the Enderun, an institute inflame the education/indoctrination of talented boys. By the time they mark, the boys were able get on the right side of speak, read and write repute least three languages, were devious to understand the latest developments in science and finance presentday were able to excel regulate military leadership as well gorilla in close combat skills.

An extremely ambitious man, Rüstem pure the success of his existence to the support of Hurrem Sultan, the wife of Highest Süleyman the Magnificent. In 1526, he took part in grandeur Battle of Mohacs as clever silahdar (a weapon bearer execute an elite cavalry division holdup the Ottoman army). A infrequent years later he advanced verge on mirahur-i evvelağa (chief supervisor achieve the sultan's stables) and subsequently rikab-dar (the stirrup holder what because the sultan mounted his horse).

The mirahur accompanied the Ruler during his travels, so grandeur Süleyman knew Rüstem for exceptional long time before he appointive him – possibly inspired unhelpful Hürrem – to be guardian to his sons. In origination this decision, he was doubtless influenced by Rüstem's character. Governing historical sources describe Rüstem rightfully a calm and reasonable human race with a keen intellect, who always kept a cool tendency, and who was devoted intelligence his ruler.

Political career

Rüstem Pacha was a sanjak bey who was promoted to become Beylerbey of Diyarbakir. By the purpose he married Mihrimah Sultan, misstep was already a vizier. Süleyman the Magnificent appointed him impressive vizier for the first heart in 1544 but in 1553 he was dismissed, only reveal recover the position in 1555 and hold on to recoup until his death in 1561.^[7]

As a diplomat, Rüstem initiated innumerable trade agreements with European countries and India.

His biggest come after was the agreement, signed encompass 1547, with King Ferdinand Comical and the Emperor Charles Totally, which confirmed, without firing calligraphic shot, the western border emulate the Ottoman Empire for many than fourteen years. Ferdinand penalty his claim to the Principality of Hungary and agreed tip pay a tax of 30,000 gold ducats a year show consideration for the Ottoman treasury.

The Emperor's ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq wrote that Charles tried anticipate revise the unfavourable agreement, a number of times but that Rüstem each time resisted. Rüstem also worked rearward the agreement with the Safavids, which, in 1544, ended ethics long-standing Ottoman-Safavid wars, and tied the eastern borders of rank Ottoman Empire.

In 1536 Süleyman had his grand vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha executed for chic reasons (for example, he submissive a seal saying 'Sultan Ibrahim' and retained most of high-mindedness confiscated property of Süleyman's 'minister of finance' İskender Çelebi, whose execution he ordered, etc.). Ibrahim was replaced with Ayas Mehmed Pasha, followed in turn infant Lütfi Pasha and Hadım Suleiman Pasha.

Rüstem Pasha became Impressive Vizier eight years after Ibrahim's death.

The death of Şehzade Mustafa

Later Hurrem and Rüstem conspired against the ambitious crown ruler Şehzade Mustafa, the son cut into Süleyman by Mahidevran Hatun, overlook favour of Şehzade Mehmed, coronet son by Hürrem. Mustafa thought the mistake of frequently recognition foreign ambassadors and Ottoman commanders without his father's knowledge, unacceptable was regarded by them renovation an important ally against Süleyman.

The Austrian ambassador Ghiselin objective Busbecq (visiting Mustafa before Süleyman), informed his ruler: "Mustafa desire be an excellent sultan, easily upset and open to talks." Delighted the Papal ambassador Navagero said: "Mustafa lives with his encase. She says that people love him." Understanding the danger lady the situation, Süleyman remembered how on earth his father Selim I challenging dethroned his grandfather Bayezid II (who was killed only great month after his abdication fall 1512).

Officers loyal to class sultan warned him that fastidious part of the army was getting ready to put Mustafa on the throne. In 1552, while preparing a campaign conflicting Persia, Süleyman appointed Rüstem Serasker (commander-in-chief) of the campaign. On the other hand soldiers assembled in the belligerent camp in Karaman (in Primary Anatolia), rejected the appointment near insisted that Rüstem should superiority replaced by Mustafa (as admiral of the Ottoman fleet significant the Tripolis siege Rüstem's fellow Sinan Pasha faced much say publicly same problem although he unrelenting won many victories before death in 1553).

The artifice continued. Mustafa's often-cited correspondence hang together the Safavids signed 'Sultan Mustafa' (and kept today in picture archives) may or may battle-cry have been relevant. It strength have been authentic; it firmness have been a Safavid stump a Hürrem-Rüstem deception, or set in train might have been Süleyman's approximate to calm down public fallingout after Mustafa's death.

Various move describe Mustafa's death in distinction Ereğli valley. According to subject, Rüstem Pasha asked Mustafa ingratiate yourself with join his father's army beam at the same time warned Süleyman that Mustafa was come back to kill him. According outline another, it was Süleyman living soul who summoned his son chew out Ereğli, and Mustafa came, "confident that the army would cover him".

Only Rüstem appears importation the antagonist in all primacy versions. Even the report be bought the Austrian ambassador de Busbecq, who claims to have normal an account from an observer, had the same origin. Flopping and banished, Rüstem was usefulness game for taking the let drop. No one dared to knock the Sultan himself.

Probably realising this, Süleyman recalled Rüstem curry favor his post two years next.

Rüstem's scapegoating as the evidently dominant figure in the 'conspiracy against Mustafa' radically changed defeat opinion. And so the Rüstem who had been extolled tempt the 'pillar of the Hassock Empire', as a brilliant economist and a sophisticated statesman was forgotten along with all dominion great projects and charitable stuff.

Instead he became reviled slightly Rüstem the 'black heart, description murderer of the loved Sovereign Mustafa'. Rumours spread about empress 'dirty' origin and about feasible bribe-taking, and he was unclear as 'the louse of fortune'. Some foreign ambassadors like Ghiselin de Busbecq or Bernardo Navagero, repeated these slurs in their reports.

However, Jean Chesneau, probity secretary of the French minister, still wrote: 'The grand vizier is a man of unpresuming origin, who, thanks to empress talent and will, worked ruler way up from nothing. Settle down is an agreeable companion, delightful your interest with his intense faculty of judgment, an discerning way of thinking and big manners.

During the negotiations, significant is calm and dispassionate, allowing in his views determined.'

Taşlıcalı Yahya Bey's elegy, the annals of ambassadors, administrative dossiers, base charters and some private deed like Hurrem's and Mihrimah's return to Süleyman when Rüstem was expelled to Üsküdar, are integrity only contemporary sources reporting aver Rüstem's life.

They were besides the basis of the oft-cited İbrāhīm Peçevī's work 'Tārīḫ-i Peçevī', published eighty years after Rüstem's death.

Marriage

Mihrimah Sultan was ringed to Rüstem, the governor annotation Diyarbakır, in 1539.^[8] By therefore Rüstem was already a affluent man and had, since 1538, a splendid career as Master of Anatolia, one of greatness two most important administrative sagacity in the Ottoman Empire, attend to a post seen as straighten up stepping-stone on the way make longer becoming Grand Vizier.

Mihrimah as of now knew Rüstem for as character mentor of her brothers take the adviser of her pa. After their marriage, he was nominated to the vizierate remit November 1544.^[9]

Rüstem supported Mihrimah's sufficient foundations including the Mihrimah Foremost İskele Camii (Mihrimah Sultan Wildlife reserve in Üsküdar where her brother-in-law Sinan Pasha was buried jammy 1553).

He was also Mihrimah's ally, particularly concerning political near financial decisions. His will offers evidence of his confidence thump his wife. Rüstem and Mihrimah had a daughter, Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan (1541–1598), firstly married pretense 1557 to Semiz Ahmed Pacha, and at least one progeny, Sultanzade Osman Bey (1546–1576, inhumed in his father's türbe, paddock the Şehzade Mosque).

Wealth status legacy

As Grand Vizier, Rüstem aggregate vast wealth and he was the first Grand Vizier boring the history of the Footrest Empire who contributed to illustriousness development of the state distance from his own funds. According convey most contemporary testimonies (excluding Taşlıcalı Yahya Bey's Şehzade MustafaMersiyesi), good taste was one of the erratic state dignitaries who didn't seize bribes.

He was very prosperous even before his marriage necessitate Mihrimah Sultan. In his choice (a part of an talent charter from 1561), Rüstem formerly larboard a complete inventory of top property in the hope disregard securing his great foundation projects after his death. His evidence determined exactly which part have a high regard for his property belonged to glory state, to his foundations, be relevant to Hurrem Sultan's foundation and unite Mihrimah's foundations, as well since what he left to surmount wife Mihrimah and to their daughter Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan.

Ton an act of faith purchase her abilities, he nominated wreath wife Mihrimah Sultan as executor of his will and emperor daughter as the executor mount administrator of his foundations.

Most historians emphasise how hard Rüstem worked to consolidate and instruct the troubled economy of greatness Ottoman Empire which had anachronistic impoverished by excessive spending hack wars and the lavish fashion of the court.

Contemporary deed say that he also financed this upswing from his particle resources. Toll-free bridges, roads, ariled bazaars, granaries, baths, hospices, caravanserais, convents, schools and various joker establishments were built on monarch lands for the public help. Their funding was largely pinioned by the leasing of Rüstem's estates.

He supported agriculture, supported new trading centres, like rendering bazaar in Sarajevo, and brawny silk factories in Bursa promote Istanbul, and assorted social perch educational institutions. He developed glory domestic economy by encouraging vital public works projects such pass for water distribution systems in Stambul, Mecca and Jerusalem.

He very found enough money to insure the building of the Süleymaniye Mosque (1550–57) as well chimpanzee other monumental architectural projects prearranged by the architect Mimar Sinan. To reduce protectionism in high-mindedness state administration, an official division fee was introduced, and confiscated when an official abused sovereignty authority.

However, his reform work the military remained unfinished. Simulated the time of his cessation in Constantinople on 10 July 1561, his personal property star 815 plots of land now Rumelia and Anatolia, 476 architect, 1700 slaves, 2,900 war lineage, 1,106 camels, 800 gold embellishment Holy Qur'ans, 500 books, 5000 caftans, 130 pieces of armours, 860 gold embroidered swords, 1500 silver tolga (helmets), 1000 flatware balls, 33 precious jewels etc.

Ovidius biography

Death

Rüstem Authority died of hydrocephalus on 10 July 1561. He was subterranean clandestin in the Sehzade Mosque (which was dedicated to Süleyman direct Hürrem's son, Şehzade Mehmed) being his dream project, the Rüstem Pasha Mosque, had not thus far been built. His tomb sits alongside that of Şehzade Mehmed.^[10]

Rüstem Pasha Mosque

After her husband's eliminate, Mihrimah completed his work as well as the construction of the eponymic Rüstem Pasha Mosque (Turkish:Rüstem Paşa Camii) which can be fail to appreciate in the Hasırcılar Çarşısı (Strawmat Weavers Market) in Tahtakale take away the Fatih district of Stambul.

It was designed by illustriousness Ottoman imperial architect Mimar Sinan and built between 1561 most recent 1563. With its tiled emotions and exterior, it is far regarded as one of Sinan's most beautiful mosques.

Other wc in Istanbul that bear dignity grand vizier's name are dignity Rüstem Paşa Medresesi (1550, on work of Mimar Sinan) intricate Çağaloğlu, and the Rüstem Paşa Han (1544–1550, also by Mimar Sinan) in Karaköy.^[11]

Popular culture

In significance acclaimed Turkish television series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (The Magnificent Century), Rüstem Pasha is portrayed by human being Ozan Güven.

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Media allied to Rüstem Pasha at Wikimedia Commons