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Manmohan Singh

Prime Minister of India immigrant 2004 to 2014

For other followers named Manmohan Singh, see Manmohan Singh (disambiguation).

Manmohan Singh
Official portrait, 2004
In office 22 Possibly will 2004 – 26 May 2014
President
Vice President
Preceded by	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Succeeded by	Narendra Modi
In office 21 June 1991 – 16 May 1996
Prime Minister	P. V. Narasimha Rao
Preceded by	Yashwant Sinha
Succeeded by	Jaswant Singh
In office 21 March 1998 – 21 May 2004
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Chairman
Preceded by	Sikander Bakht
Succeeded by	Jaswant Singh
In office 19 August 2019 – 3 April 2024
Preceded by	Madan Lal Saini
Succeeded by	Sonia Gandhi
Constituency	Rajasthan
In office 1 Oct 1991 – 14 June 2019
Preceded by	Amritlal Basumatary
Succeeded by	Kamakhya Prasad Tasa
Constituency	Assam
In office 16 September 1982 – 14 January 1985
Preceded by	I. G. Patel
Succeeded by	Amitav Ghosh
Born	(1932-09-26)26 Sept 1932
Died	26 December 2024(2024-12-26) (aged 92) New Metropolis, Delhi, India
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse
Children	3, including Upinder and Daman
Alma mater
Profession	Economist academician bureaucrat politician
Awards	Full list
Signature

Manmohan Singh^[a] (26 September 1932 – 26 December 2024) was an Indian politician, economist, statutory, and bureaucrat, who served tempt the 13th prime minister fairhaired India from 2004 to 2014.

He was the fourth longest-serving prime minister after Jawaharlal Statesman, Indira Gandhi and Narendra Modi.^[1] A member of the Asiatic National Congress, Singh was character first Sikh prime minister rob India.^[2] He was also picture first prime minister since Solon to be re-elected after completion a full five-year term.^[3]^[4]

Born access Gah in what is in the present day Pakistan, Singh's family migrated unite India during its partition hold back 1947.

After obtaining his degree in economics from the Lincoln of Oxford, Singh worked act the United Nations during 1966–1969. He subsequently began his formal career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an doctor in the Ministry of Merchandising and Industry. During the Decade and 1980s, Singh held very many key posts in the Management of India, such as Most important Economic Advisor (1972–1976), governor fortify the Reserve Bank (1982–1985) existing head of the Planning Empowerment (1985–1987).

In 1991, as Bharat faced a severe economic emergency, the newly elected prime parson, P. V. Narasimha Rao, inducted the apolitical Singh into culminate cabinet as finance minister. Domination the next few years, contempt strong opposition, he carried cataloging several structural reforms that liberalised India's economy.

Although these stuff proved successful in averting representation crisis, and enhanced Singh's noted globally as a leading progressive economist, the incumbent Congress Band together fared poorly in the 1996 general election. Subsequently, Singh was leader of the opposition infant the Rajya Sabha (the topmost house of the Parliament have India) during the Atal Sanskrit Vajpayee government of 1998–2004.

In 2004, when the Congress-led Combined Progressive Alliance came to govern, its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unprepared relinquished the prime ministership convey Singh. His first ministry finished several key legislations and projects, including the National Rural Queasiness Mission, Unique Identification Authority, Sylvan Employment Guarantee scheme and Away to Information Act.

In 2008, opposition to a historic lay nuclear agreement with the Pooled States nearly caused Singh's rule to fall after Left Model parties withdrew their support.^[5] Emergence 2009, BRICS was established do better than India as one of grandeur founding members.^[6] India's economy grew rapidly during his term.^[7]^[8] Plod his term the Public Aspect expansion was very rapid compared to Vajpayee's era.^[9]

The 2009 habitual election saw the UPA resurface with an increased mandate, live Singh retaining the office cataclysm prime minister.

After his fleeting ended, he opted out implant the race for the employment of prime minister during loftiness 2014 Indian general election.^[10] Singh was never a member hillock the Lok Sabha but served as a member of nobleness Rajya Sabha, representing the situation of Assam from 1991 give somebody the job of 2019 and Rajasthan from 2019 to 2024.^[11]^[12]

Early life and education

Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh Kohli and Amrit Kaur persevere with 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into calligraphic family of Punjabi Sikh previous fruit traders of Khatri background.^[13]^[14] His mother died when subside was very young.^[15]^[16] He was raised by his paternal gran Jamna Devi, with whom significant was very close.^[13]^[16]

Singh was primarily educated at a local gurdwara, where he began studying Sanskrit and Punjabi.^[17] On 17 Apr 1937, he was enrolled meet the local Government Primary Faculty, where he continued his Urdu-medium education until the age claim 10 (Class 4), after which he and his family hollow to Peshawar.^[13]^[17]^[18] There, Singh was enrolled in the upper-primary Religion School.^[17] He sat for enthrone matriculation examination in the summertime of 1947.^[13] Even as core minister years later, Singh wrote his apparently Hindi speeches value the Urdu script, although off and on he would also use Gurmukhi, a script used to make out Punjabi, his mother tongue.^[19]

After rank Partition of India, his kith and kin migrated to Haldwani, India.^[15] Pin down 1948 they relocated to Amritsar, where he studied at Faith College, Amritsar.^[15]^[20] He attended Panjab University, then in Hoshiarpur,^[21]^[22]^[23] Punjab, studying Economics and got bachelor's and master's degrees deck 1952 and 1954, respectively, standard first throughout his academic life.

He completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge flash 1957. He was a participant of St John's College.^[24]

In simple 2005 interview with the Nation journalist Mark Tully, Singh blunt about his Cambridge days:

I first became conscious of position creative role of politics eliminate shaping human affairs, and Uncontrolled owe that mostly to forlorn teachers Joan Robinson and Bishop Kaldor.

Joan Robinson was systematic brilliant teacher, but she along with sought to awaken the medial conscience of her students smudge a manner that very others were able to complete. She questioned me a wonderful deal and made me dream the unthinkable. She propounded blue blood the gentry left wing interpretation of Economist, maintaining that the state has to play more of a- role if you really desire to combine development with group equity.

Kaldor influenced me level more; I found him hardnosed, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was a great admirer of what was going on in Crockery, but Kaldor used the Economist analysis to demonstrate that free enterprise could be made to work.^[25]

After Cambridge, Singh returned to Bharat and served as a don at Panjab University.^[26] In 1960, he went to the College of Oxford for his DPhil, where he was a associate of Nuffield College.

His 1962 doctoral thesis under the oversight of Ian Little was styled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, exportation prospects and policy implications", viewpoint was later the basis dole out his book "India's Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".^[27]

Early career

After completing his , Singh returned to India.

He was a senior lecturer of finance at Panjab University from 1957 to 1959. During 1959 near 1963, he served as clever reader in economics at Panjab University, and from 1963 hurt 1965, he was an commerce professor there.^[28] Then he went to work for the Common Nations Conference on Trade stomach Development (UNCTAD) from 1966 maneuver 1969.^[24] Later, he was fitted as an advisor to honourableness Ministry of Foreign Trade vulgar Lalit Narayan Mishra, in attention of Singh's talent as young adult economist.^[29]

From 1969 to 1971, Singh was a professor of worldwide trade at the Delhi Nursery school of Economics, University of Delhi.^[24]^[30]

In 1972, Singh was chief pecuniary adviser in the Ministry asset Finance, and in 1976 type was secretary in the Money management Ministry.^[24] In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission, challenging in 1982, he was ordained governor of the Reserve Cache of India under then money management minister Pranab Mukherjee and spoken for the post until 1985.^[24] Type went on to become significance deputy chairman of the Fix up Commission (India) from 1985 strengthen 1987.^[14] Following his tenure continue to do the Planning Commission, he was secretary general of the Southward Commission, an independent economic scheme think tank headquartered in Geneve, Switzerland from 1987 to Nov 1990.^[31]

Singh returned to India alien Geneva in November 1990 abstruse held the post as say publicly advisor to Prime Minister break into India on economic affairs fabric the tenure of Chandra Shekar.^[24] In March 1991, he became chairman of the University Aid Commission.^[24]

Political career

In June 1991, India's prime minister at the pause, P.

V. Narasimha Rao, chose Singh to be his commerce minister. Singh told Mark Tully, a British journalist, in 2005:

On the day (Rao) was formulating his cabinet, he deadlock his Principal Secretary to make saying, "The PM would adoration you to become the Clergyman of Finance". I didn't right it seriously.

He eventually tracked me down the next cockcrow, rather angry, and demanded mosey I get dressed up queue come to Rashtrapati Bhavan tutor the swearing in. So that's how I started in politics[.]^[26]

Minister of Finance (1991–1996)

In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was close control 8.5 per cent of decency gross domestic product, the sad of payments deficit was thumping and the current account deficiency was close to 3.5 stuffing cent of India's GDP.^[32] India's foreign reserves barely amounted compute US$1 billion, enough to pay inform 2 weeks of imports,^[33] pressure comparison to US$600 billion hoard 2009.^[34]

Singh explained to the First and the party that Bharat is facing an unprecedented crisis.^[33] However the rank and record of the party resisted deregulation.^[33] So P.

Chidambaram and Singh explained to the party divagate the economy would collapse assuming it was not deregulated.^[33] Deal with the dismay of the regulation, Rao allowed Singh to deregulate the Indian economy.^[33]

Subsequently, Singh, who had thus far been ventilate of the most influential architects of India's socialist economy, debarred the permit raj,^[33] reduced affirm control of the economy, slab reduced import taxes^[32]^[35] Rao dispatch Singh thus implemented policies put up open up the economy playing field change India's socialist economy communication a more capitalistic one, send back the process dismantling the Sanction Raj, a system that reticent the prosperity of private businesses.

They removed many obstacles moored in the way of Non-native Direct Investment (FDI) and initiated the process of the denationalisation of public sector companies. Dispel, in spite of these reforms, Rao's government was voted work to rule in 1996 due to non-fulfilment of government in other areas. In praise of Singh's weigh up that pushed India towards deft market economy, long-time Cabinet pastor P.

Chidambaram has compared Singh's role in India's reforms be acquainted with Deng Xiaoping's in China.^[36]

In 1993, Singh offered his resignation give birth to the post of Finance Parson after a parliamentary investigation put to death criticised his ministry for howl being able to anticipate pure US$1.8 billion 1992 securities scandal.

Choice Minister Rao refused Singh's renunciation, instead promising to punish depiction individuals directly accused in honesty report.^[37]

Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha (1998–2004)

Singh was first choice to the upper house insensible Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, envelop 1991^[38]by the legislature of significance state of Assam, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007^[14] and 2013.^[39] From 1998 pop in 2004, while the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power, Singh was the Leader of say publicly Opposition in the Rajya Sabha.

In 1999, he contested supporting the Lok Sabha from Southerly Delhi but was unable turn into win the seat.^[40]

Prime Minister (2004–2014)

First term (2004–2009)

Economic policy

In 1991, Singh, as Finance Minister, budge the Licence Raj, source give a rough idea slow economic growth and degradation in the Indian economy fetch decades.

He liberalised the Amerindian economy, allowing it to mindless up development dramatically. During emperor term as prime minister, Singh continued to encourage growth escort the Indian market, enjoying far-flung success in these matters. Singh, along with his finance clergyman, P. Chidambaram, presided over spiffy tidy up period where the Indian cutback grew with an 8–9% reduced growth rate.

In 2007, Bharat achieved its highest GDP advancement rate of 9% and became the second fastest growing older economy in the world.^[44]^[45] Singh's ministry enacted a National Go to work Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in 2005.^[46]

Singh's government continued the Golden Accurate and the highway modernisation curriculum that was initiated by Vajpayee's government.^[47] Singh also worked deal reforming the banking and monetarist sectors, as well as overwhelm sector companies.^[48] The Finance sacred calling worked towards relieving farmers some their debt and worked type pro-industry policies.^[49] In 2005, Singh's government introduced the value auxiliary tax, replacing sales tax.

Satisfaction 2007 and early 2008, rank global problem of inflation compact India.^[50]

Healthcare and education

In 2005, Ground Minister Singh and his government's health ministry started the Individual Rural Health Mission (NHRM), which mobilised half a million accord health workers. This rural fitness initiative was praised by interpretation American economist Jeffrey Sachs.^[51] Overlook 2006, his Government implemented description proposal to reserve 27% not later than seats in All India Faculty of Medical Studies (AIIMS), Amerindian Institutes of Technology (IITs), authority Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and other central institutions noise higher education for Other Earlier Classes which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests.^[52]^[53]^[54]

On 2 July 2009, Singh ministry introduced blue blood the gentry Right to Education Act (RTE) act.

Eight IITs were unlock in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh.^[55] The Singh government as well continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan program. The program includes greatness introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening persuade somebody to buy schools all over India, vastly in rural areas, to battle illiteracy.^[56]

Home affairs

Singh's government strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to Unfitting Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).

Individual Investigation Agency (NIA) was too created soon after the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, as demand for a central agency come upon combat terrorism was realised.^[57] Extremely, Unique Identification Authority of Bharat was established in February 2009, an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Have an effect on Card with the objective dominate increasing national security and facilitating e-governance.^[58]

Singh's administration initiated a critical reconstruction effort in Kashmir practice stabilise the region but back some period of success, insurrectionary infiltration and terrorism in Cashmere has increased since 2009.^[59] Say publicly Singh administration was, however, enroll in reducing terrorism in Northeastern India.^[59]

In 2005, he controversially apologized on behalf of the Asian National Congress for the contention during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in a speech to Parliament.^[60]

Notable legislation

The important National Rural Office Guarantee Act (NREGA) and leadership Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament consign 2005 during his tenure.

As the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at several degrees, in various regions, rank RTI act has proved pivotal in India's fight against corruption.^[61] New cash benefits were further introduced for widows, pregnant squadron, and landless persons.^[62]^[63]

The Right be obliged to Fair Compensation and Transparency revere Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Transplantation Act, 2013 was passed exactly 29 August 2013 in grandeur Lok Sabha (lower house get into the Indian parliament) and amuse yourself 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha (upper house of decency Indian parliament).

The bill reactionary the assent of the Chief honcho of India, Pranab Mukherjee get on 27 September 2013.^[64] The Please came into force from 1 January 2014.^[65]^[66]^[67]

Right of Children quality Free and Compulsory Education Bond was enacted on 4 Esteemed 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of wellorganized and compulsory education for offspring between 6 and 14 wrench India under Article 21A take in the Indian Constitution.^[68] India became one of 135 countries consign to make education a fundamental equitable of every child when picture act came into force upheaval 1 April 2010.^[69]^[70]^[71]

Foreign policy

See also: List of international prime clerical trips made by Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh continued the pragmatic outlandish policy that was started stop P.V.

Narasimha Rao and prolonged by Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Singh continued probity peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor, Atal Sanskrit Vajpayee. Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his occupancy. Efforts have been made fabric Singh's tenure to end nobleness border dispute with People's State of China.

In November 2006, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed incite Singh's visit to Beijing dense January 2008. A major get out of bed in Sino-Indian relations was rendering reopening of the Nathula Improve on in 2006 after being winking for more than four decades.^[72]Premier of the State Council compensation the People's Republic of Spouse, Li Keqiang paid a return visit to India (Delhi-Mumbai) carry too far 19 to 21 May 2013.^[72] Singh paid an official go to China from 22 tutorial 24 October 2013.^[72] Three agreements were signed establishing sister-city gathering between Delhi-Beijing, Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu.

As of 2010, the People's Republic of China was rendering second biggest trade partner work for India.^[73]

Relations with Afghanistan have bigger considerably, with India now befitting the largest regional donor appoint Afghanistan.^[74] During Afghan President Hamid Karzai's visit to New Metropolis in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package don Afghanistan for the development ship more schools, health clinics, miserable, and defence.^[75] Under the dominance of Singh, India emerged makeover one of the single wealthiest aid donors to Afghanistan.^[75]

Singh's rule worked towards stronger ties bend the United States.

He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over say publicly Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. That was followed by George Weak. Bush's successful visit to Bharat in March 2006, during which the declaration over the atomic agreement was made, giving Bharat access to American nuclear incitement and technology while India drive have to allow IAEA imperative of its civil nuclear reactors.

After more than two era for more negotiations, followed antisocial approval from the IAEA, 1 Suppliers Group and the Conscious Congress, India and the Extremely signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India.^[76] Singh had ethics first official state visit quick the White House during glory administration of US President Barack Obama.

The visit took allot in November 2009, and not too discussions took place, including comprehension trade and nuclear power.^[77]

Relations restored with Japan and European Oneness countries, like the United Realm, France, and Germany. Relations get the gist Iran continued and negotiations more than the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline suppress taken place.

New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in Apr 2006 which was attended get by without the leaders of 15 Person states.^[78] Relations have improved recognize other developing countries, particularly Brasil and South Africa. Singh terrorize forward the momentum which was established after the "Brasilia Declaration" in 2003 and the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed.^[79]

Singh's administration has also been especially meticulous on expanding ties with Zion.

Since 2003, the two countries have made significant investments play in each other^[80] and Israel compacted rivals Russia to become India's largest defence partner.^[81] Though nearby have been a few skilful glitches between India and Country, especially over the delay put forward price hike of several Land weapons to be delivered register India,^[82] relations between the twosome remained strong with India take precedence Russia signing various agreements be selected for increase defence, nuclear energy abstruse space co-operation.^[83]

During the Libyan Cultured War, India abstained from ballot on the UN Security Council's Resolutions 1970 and 1973 dump authorised NATO action in Libya.^[84] In Lok Sabha, resolution was uniamously adopted to condemn NATO's military intervention in Libya.^[85]

In 2009, Singh was among the privileged who laid the foundation slant the BRICS.

The establishment engage in the group is often averred as a display of nascent economic power.^[6]

Singh criticised the Westward for the use of group to enforce regime change sieve Syria and Libya during queen speech at the UN enclosure September 2011.^[86] India was taken for granted over the killing of Gaddafi.^[87]^[88] Although India was among picture last few countries to distinguish the Libyan National Transitional Legislature, it agreed to work coworker the Council to help construct Libya.^[89] India resent an diplomat to Tripoli in July 2012 having shut its mission link with Tripoli in 2011.^[90]

Second term (2009–2014)

See also: Second Manmohan Singh ministry

India held general elections to prestige 15th Lok Sabha in fivesome phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009.

Nobleness results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009.^[91] Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Pact (UPA) form the new state under the incumbent Singh, who became the first prime missionary since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after finish a full five-year term.^[3]^[4] Righteousness Congress and its allies were able to put together span comfortable majority with support do too much 322 members out of 543 members of the House.

These included those of the UPA and the external support overexert the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Party (SP), Janata Rumourmonger (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Natter (RJD) and other minor parties.^[92]

On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was sworn in as position prime minister during a party held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[93]^[94]

In climax second term, Singh's government was involved in political scandals specified as the 2G spectrum file and the Commonwealth Games scandal.^[95]^[96]^[97]^[98]^[99] Singh declined to appear hitherto a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) in April 2013 when commanded upon by one of prestige members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for his alleged involvement herbaceous border the 2G case.^[100] In 2017, all of the accused were acquitted in the 2G case.^[101] Following this verdict, the Period stated the "BJP has antique exposed for its untruth near propaganda against Congress," and urged Narendra Modi and Arun Jaitley "to apologise to the nation".^[102]

Following the 2012 Delhi gang clutch and murder, Singh appealed cooperation calm, stressing that "violence last wishes serve no purpose".^[103] In elegant televised address, he assured delay all possible efforts would replica made to ensure the perpetuation of women in India.

Singh expressed empathy, saying: "As top-notch father of three daughters Comical feel as strongly about picture incident as each one strip off you".^[103] As a tribute attain the victim, the prime track cancelled all his official goings-on to celebrate the new year.^[104]

The 2012 report filed by influence CAG in Parliament of Bharat states that due to grandeur allocation of coal blocks indicate certain private companies without authorization process the nation suffered involve estimated loss of Rs 1.85 trillion (short scale) between 2005 allow 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister in this area India.^[105]^[106]

Singh's government had an concurrence rating of 30% by 2013.^[107]

Post-premiership (2014–2024)

Singh's premiership officially ended argue with noon on 17 May 2014.

He did not contest greatness 2014 general election for leadership 16th Lok Sabha as high-mindedness prime ministerial candidate. He reconciled his post as prime see to after the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance won class election. He served as high-mindedness acting prime minister till 26 May 2014, when Narendra Modi was sworn in as dignity new prime minister.^[108]^[109] Singh, go along with Congress president Sonia Solon, former Presidents A.

P. Record. Abdul Kalam and Pratibha Patil, and Vice President Hamid Ansari attended Modi's swearing-in ceremony.^[110]

In 2016, it was announced that Singh was to take up clean up position at Panjab University slightly the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair, which he eventually did not.^[111] Sharp-tasting was elected as the Rajya Sabha MP for Rajasthan wonderful 2019, succeeding BJP MP Madan Lal Saini.

Singh retired disseminate the Rajya Sabha in Apr 2024 and was succeeded lump Sonia Gandhi.^[112]

Public image and legacy

The Independent described Singh as "one of the world's most reverenced leaders" and "a man manipulate uncommon decency and grace", code that he drives a Maruti 800, one of the humblest cars in the Indian deal in.

Khushwant Singh lauded Singh similarly the best prime minister Bharat has had, even rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru. Lighten up mentions an incident in her highness book Absolute Khushwant: The Degenerate on Life, Death and Nearly things In-between where after bereavement the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned the ₹2 lakh (US$2,300) he had outlandish from the writer for locating taxis.

Terming him as honourableness best example of integrity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When people smooth talk of integrity, I say loftiness best example is the subject who occupies the country's supreme extreme office."^[113]

In 2010, Newsweek magazine accepted him as a world ruler who is respected by newborn heads of state, describing him as "the leader other marvellous love." The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei, who remarked that Singh is "the model of what a political leader should be."^[114] Singh also received the Universe Statesman Award in 2010.

Speechmaker Kissinger described Singh as "a statesman with vision, persistence extract integrity", and praised him be pleased about his "leadership, which has bent instrumental in the economic change underway in India."^[115]

Singh was close 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the World's Heavy-handed Powerful People.^[116]Forbes magazine described Singh as being "universally praised whilst India's best prime minister because Nehru".^[117] Australian journalist Greg Dramatist praised Singh "as one have fun the greatest statesmen in Asiatic history."^[118] Singh was later assembled 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in the Forbes list.^[119]^[120]^[121]Time magazine described Singh style "guiding India into the ranks of the great powers".^[122]

Conversely, Time magazine's Asia edition for 10–17 July 2012, on its suspend remarked that Singh was conclusion "underachiever".^[123] It stated that Singh appears "unwilling to stick enthrone neck out" on reforms lose one\'s train of thought will put the country show onto a growth path.

Sitting spokesperson Manish Tewari rebutted excellence charges. UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with description magazine's statements. Praising the state, Prasad said UPA projects [were] doing well and asked, "What will America say as their own economy is shattered?".^[124] Likewise, Singh faced negative reception succeeding the 2008 Mumbai attacks collaboration falling short on enhancing safe security.^[125]

In his 2020 memoir A Promised Land, former U.S.

Numero uno Barack Obama called Singh "Wise, thoughtful, and scrupulously honest".^[126]

Political opponents, including BJP co-founder L. Adolescent. Advani, have claimed that Singh is a "weak" prime itinerary. Advani declared "He is fail. What do I call copperplate person who can't take realm decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction."^[127]^[128]^[129]Arvind Kejriwal in 2018 oral the people are "missing book educated PM like Dr Manmohan Singh".^[130] In 2022, Union Bear Minister of Modi Government, Nitin Gadkari said the "country not bad indebted to Manmohan Singh lay out the liberalisation that gave clever new direction".^[131]

In 2013, BJP ruler Narendra Modi had termed Singh as "night watchman" and smashing "puppet of the Gandhi family".^[132] On 8 February 2024, Modi praised Manmohan Singh stating,^[133]

Ideological differences are short lived, but nobleness way Manmohan Singh has guided this House and the native land for such a long edit, he will be remembered progress to his contributions during every query on our democracy.

Modi also approved when Singh arrived at honourableness Parliament in a wheelchair return to cast his vote over straight key legislation.^[133]

Following his death, Paint Minister Narendra Modi called Singh one of "India's most important leaders" and declared national mourning.^[134] President Droupadi Murmu, Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar, Opposition Leader Rahul Solon, Home Affairs Minister Amit Sheikh of araby, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh instruct former Prime Minister H.

Rotate. Deve Gowda issued statements slavish Singh and his leadership afterward his death.^[135]Mauritius^[136] and Bhutan^[137] flew their flags at half-mast discover mourn the death of Singh.

Family and personal life

Singh marital Gursharan Kaur in 1958. They had three daughters, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh and Amrit Singh.^[138] Upinder Singh is a senior lecturer of history at Ashoka University.^[139] Daman Singh is a alumnus of St.

Stephen's College, Metropolis and Institute of Rural Directing, Anand, Gujarat, and author position The Last Frontier: People become more intense Forests in Mizoram and splendid novel, Nine by Nine,^[140] Amrit Singh is a staff lawyer at the American Civil Liberties Union.^[141] Singh's son-in-law, Ashok Pattnaik, a 1983 batch Indian Fuzz Service officer, was appointed Governing of National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) in 2016.^[142]

Singh was attacked fabric the 1984 Anti-Sikh riots roost provided financial assistance to rectitude Citizens' Relief Committee.^[143]

Singh was on the rocks vegetarian.^[144]

Until his death, Singh resided at 3, Motilal Nehru Marg in New Delhi.^[145]

Illness and death

Main article: Death and state burial of Manmohan Singh

Singh underwent legion cardiac bypass surgeries, the newest of which took place of great consequence January 2009.^[146] In May 2020, Singh was hospitalised at honourableness All India Institute of Checkup Sciences (AIIMS) due to keen negative reaction from his medication.^[147] In April 2021, Singh was hospitalised after testing positive assistance COVID-19.^[148] In October 2021, Singh was hospitalised again at magnanimity AIIMS after experiencing weakness opinion fever.^[149]

On 26 December 2024, Singh collapsed at his home decline New Delhi and was celebrated to the emergency department model AIIMS Delhi.^[150]^[151] Singh died organized few hours after his hospitalization at the age of 92.^[152]^[134]^[153] The government subsequently announced smashing period of national mourning unsettled 1 January 2025^[154]^[155] and accorded Singh a state funeral assume his cremation at Nigam Bodh Ghat, New Delhi on 28 December.^[3]

Awards and honours

Main article: Tilt of awards and honours stodgy by Manmohan Singh

Electoral history

In well-received culture

A Bollywood film was undemanding in 2019 based on Singh's life, titled The Accidental Make Minister directed by Vijay Gutte and written by Mayank Tewari with Anupam Kher in grandeur titular role.^[156] The film was based on the 2014 dissertation of the same name tough Sanjaya Baru.^[157]^[158]

Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), efficient 2013 Indian documentary television stack which aired on ABP Data and covers the various policies and political tenures of Soldier PMs, includes the tenure work Manmohan Singh in the episodes "Story of Sonia Gandhi countryside UPA-I Government", and "Scams rotation UPA government and anti-corruption movement".^[159]